2. How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur?
Chapter 8 Section 3 Text pages
How are Boundaries Established, and Why do Boundary Disputes Occur?

3. Boundaries
In regards to states, a vertical plane, above and below ground, dividing one state from another
Go underground
Why would a boundary go underground?
Extend into airspace above
Atmosphere above a state’s land area
Should space be covered by airspace?

4. U.N. International Boundaries
UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)
A code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorizes territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles from shore and 200-nautical-mile-wide exclusive economic zones.
Median-line principle
when there is not enough water for each country on opposite sides of the sea to have 200 nautical miles of exclusive economic zone, the two or more countries involved will divide the water evenly
EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone)
a state has special rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources, including energy production from water and wind.
Global Commons
Is that which no one person or state may own or control and which is central to life.
Ex.: Forests, oceans, North and South Poles, deep oceans, atmosphere and space, and cyberspace

6. Establishing Boundaries
Defining Boundaries
Treaty-like document describing actual points of boundaries
Delimiting Boundaries
Cartographers draw out boundaries on a map
Demarcating Boundaries
Either or both states can put in steel posts, pillars, fences, walls, or other structures along the border
Administrate Boundaries
Determining how boundaries are maintained and what and who will be able to cross it

7. Types of International Boundaries

8. Types of International Boundaries
Antecedent Boundaries
boundary that was created before the present day cultural landscape developed, i.e., Malaysia/Indonesia on the island of Borneo.
Superimposed Boundaries
boundary that has been forced upon the inhabitants of an area to solve a problem and/or conflict, i.e., Indonesia/Papua New Guinea. 
Relict Boundaries
boundary that ceases to exist, however the imprint of the boundary still remains on the cultural landscape, i.e., North/South Vietnam. 

9. Types of Boundaries Geometric Boundaries Physical-Political Boundaries
Boundaries made with grid systems (lines of longitude and latitude, etc.)
Physical-Political Boundaries
Boundaries which follow an agreed upon physical feature in the physical landscape (Mountain, river, etc.)
What problem might arise from this?

10. Territorial Morphology
The boundaries of a country and the shape of the land that it encompasses
Compact
Fragmented
Elongated
Prorupted
Perforated
Enclave
Exclave

11. Compact
A compact shaped state is small and centralized. This type of state is the simplest to manage, since the government is close to all portions of the state. The compact form helps to keep the country together by making communications easier within it. In addition, compact states are much easier to defend than states of other shapes. However, compact states are primarily small in size, and therefore may not have as many natural resources as larger states have. A perfect example of a compact state would be Poland.

12. Fragmented
A state that is separated by a physical or human barrier. This creates several problems for the country. Many portions of the state are separated by oceans, lakes, and mountains. It is difficult to govern such a country composed of islands, such as Indonesia. In addition, communication is difficult within the state; since portions are separated form the main part of the country.

13. Elongated
An elongated shaped state is long and narrow. This type of state also has many disadvantages. For example, they are difficult to defend. An elongated state, such as Chile, makes for difficult governance of the peripheral areas in the north and south. However, an elongated state encompasses a variety of landscapes.

14. Prorupted
A prorupted state has a long extension, or an extended arm of territory. This protrusion gives the state several advantages. For example, the state gets easy access to the coast and the local resources around it. In addition, prorupted states are also able to prevent a rival access. An example of a prorupted state would be Thailand.

15. Perforated
A perforated state completely surrounds another. A classic example would be South Africa since it surrounds Lesotho. The surrounded nation can only be reached by going through one country. More problems can arise if there is hostility between the two nations. This makes it difficult to enter the surrounding nation.

16. Enclave
A country or part of a country that is surrounded by another. However, an enclave does not have political affinity to the surrounding state. Also, an enclave does not belong to another country. For example, the Vatican City is an enclave of Rome. The Vatican City has its own government and is independent from Rome and Italy. Therefore, it is not bound by the rules of Rome, as well as the rules of Italy.
An enclave is the country inside, a perforated state is the country on the outside

17. Exclave
An exclave is part of a country that is or almost completely separated from the main part of the country. Alaska is an example of an exclave. Although it is separated from the US, it shares boundaries with Canada. Another example is Hawaii, which is completely separated from the US by the Pacific Ocean.

18. Boundary Disputes FUN FACT! FOUR main types of boundary disputes
Sometimes people disagree
FOUR main types of boundary disputes
Definitional boundary disputes
Locational boundary disputes
Operational boundary disputes
Allocational boundary disputes
Multiple types may apply to a single scenario

19. Definitional Boundary Disputes
Disputes over the Legal language and definition of a boundary
Boundary may be defined ambiguously
Political shifts may shift understandings of boundaries
Halai’ib Triangle (Egypt and Sudan
Boundary may be set with relative location
What do relative locations do?
CHANGE! (Rivers move, land erodes, etc.)

20. Locational Boundary Disputes
Disputes over the way boundaries are deliminated or demarcated
If a map boundary or demarcation is in dispute because it was based off the vagueness of definition

21. Operational Boundary Disputes
Disputes over the lack of a defined boundary
There is no definition of a boundary between states

22. Allocational Boundary Disputes
Disputes over the: allocation of resources found on the border of states
Water, oil, coal, natural gas, etc.