1. The Byzantine Empire

2. 1. What’s happening in this picture?
2. Where are these events occurring?

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4. Use the map on the previous page and answer the following questions
Daily Focus Skills Transparency 5-5, Copyright by The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.
Use the map on the previous page and answer the following questions
3. Which part of the empire was Gaul a part of?
4. Which part of the empire was Greece a part of?
5. What is the name of the area that Greece is located in?
6. What was the capital of the Eastern Empire?
7. Use the map on the next page. What name does this city become in the Middle Ages?
8. See slide 15 to find out what is the city’s name today.

5. Political Influences
476: Germanic tribes conquered the old Roman Empire Territories

6. Use the map on the previous page and answer the following questions
Daily Focus Skills Transparency 5-5, Copyright by The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.
Use the map on the previous page and answer the following questions
9. What tribes are attacking Rome?
10. What tribes are attacking the Eastern half?
11. Which half of the Roman Empire is being attacked the most?
12. What will these attacks lead to?

7. The Fall of the Roman Empire
By 395 AD, Diocletian had divided the Roman Empire
Byzantium = eastern empire
Rome = western empire
476, Germanic forces from the north conquered the Western Roman Empire
Byzantium survived for almost another 1000 years and carried on the Greco-Roman tradition.

8. The Middle Ages
Middle Ages = European history between the fall of the Roman Empire (476) and the Modern Era (1450)
Also called the Medieval Period (“Medium” is Latin for Middle; “aevum” is Latin for age)
Early Middle Ages = 500 – 1000 C.E.
High Middle Ages = 1000 – 1300 C.E.
Late Middle Ages = 1300 – 1500 C.E.

9. The Middle Ages 13. When were the Middle Ages? 14. Define Middle Ages.
15. The Medieval Period is divided into what 3 parts?

10. 4 Horsemen of the Appocalypse
The Middle Ages
Some believed that
were also the times of the
4 Horsemen of the Appocalypse
pestilence, war, famine, & death

11. Political Influences Dark Ages Early Middle Ages =
Instability after Rome’s fall
Lawlessness, corruption, political assassinations, & starvation
No national government; local regional lords held the power
Lords controlled estates through feudalism
Constant fear of plunderers and robbers
High inflation and low trade
Dark Ages
Early Middle Ages =
C.E.

12. The Middle Ages
16. Write a paragraph describing the political situation in the Early Middle Ages.

13. Byzantine Empire
4th Century: Emperor Constantine established a capital at Constantinople
Carried on Greco-Roman traditions in the East
Strong Hellenistic culture
Prosperous commercial center
2 emperors ruled Eastern/Western halves of the Roman Empire
Initially, official language was Latin
6th century: Greek became the official language

14. Byzantine Empire Eastern ½ of the Roman Empire = Byzantium
Becomes the Byzantine Empire after Rome falls
Survives almost 1,000 years after Rome’s collapse
At 1st, the Byzantines controlled only a small area around the eastern Mediterranean
Justinian ( ), expanded & recovered much of the territory of the old Roman empire

15. Constantinople
Constantinople was the capital of Byzantium for almost 1,000 years
Largest city in Medieval Europe
Major center of commerce
Constantinople is Istanbul today

16. Constantinople 17. Why is the city walled?
18. What is this building? See slide 26

17. Constantinople
Glencoe Chapter Transparency 9, Copyright by The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.
The Golden Horn = inlet off of the Bosporus that forms a natural harbor

18. Use the map on slide 17 to answer the following questions on a sheet of notebook paper.
19. Which 2 larger bodies of water are connected by the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles?
20. Why is Constantinople in an ideal location for protection from attack?
21. Which rivers provided trading routes to inland areas of Europe and Asia?

19. Constantinople
The Golden Horn

20. Justinian and Theodora
Justinian = ruled as an autocrat
Autocrat – ruler who has complete authority
Justinian & Theodora created a huge Christian empire
The empire reached its greatest size under their rule

21. The Byzantine Empire Under Justinian
This map depicts the Empire at the death of Justinian I, who had reigned from 527 to 565 as sole Emperor, sometimes in concert, and sometimes in conflict, with his powerful wife Theodora.

22. Number the questions below 22-24 and answer them in your notes
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Number the questions below and answer them in your notes

23. Byzantium = “The New Rome” Wealthy
Produced: gold, silk, grain, olives and wine
Traded for spices, ivory and precious stones
Traders used the Silk Road and other trade routes
Traders traveled as far as China and India

25. 22. What products did the Byzantines trade?
23. Where did the Silk Road begin in the east?
24. Name 3 deserts the Silk Road goes around.
25. What sea’s eastern shore does the Silk Road end on?

26. Justinian and Theodora
Sponsored a Rebuilding Program in Constantinople
Hagia Sophia (Church of Holy Wisdom)

27. Most buildings were built by architects
Justinian selected 2 Greek mathematicians
Results = combines Greek balance & proportion with Roman engineering skills
Great central dome is supported by 4 corners

28. The walls and ceiling are lined with golden mosaics and windows
Mosaics are pictures made of tiny pieces of cut glass and stone

29. The mosaics illustrate stories from the Old Testament and from local history

30. The Virgin and Child with Emperors Justinian (left) and Constantine (right)

31. 26. What is Justinian holding?
27. What is Constantine holding?
28. What are the dome and walls lined with?
29. How does this affect the lighting in the building?

32. Religious Influences 500-800: Catholic Church debated several issues
Was Jesus flesh, spirit or a combination of both?
2. Use of relics – bones/objects connected with saints

33. Religious Influences
The Eastern Church disagreed with using relics and images.
They were iconoclasts = image breakers
Monks white-washed images of Jesus & the saints

34. Religious Influences
3. Romans believed that Rome should be the head of the Church because the apostle Peter spent his last years in Rome.
4. Byzantines didn’t accept Rome’s leadership of the Catholic Church

35. Disagreements led to a split in the Catholic Church
1054 – Schism = separation
- Eastern Orthodox Church (Greek & Russian)
- Western Catholic Church (Roman)
Patriarch = the head of the Eastern Orthodox Catholic Church
Pope = the head of the Roman Catholic Church

36. Religious Influences
Rome doesn’t believe priests should marry; Eastern Orthodox do
Roman Catholics don’t accept divorce; Eastern Orthodox allow
Roman Catholics worship in Latin
Eastern Orthodox worship in Greek

37. Jesus Christ giving Saint Peter the keys to the kingdom of heaven
Jesus Christ giving Saint Peter the keys to the kingdom of heaven. Catholic doctrine says that Jesus made Saint Peter the first pope. This established a link between Jesus and the papacy. The pope is viewed as the apostles’ heir. This doctrine gave the papacy tremendous power. The advantages taken by certain popes of this and other doctrines was later criticized by many Christian reformers.
Fresco by Perugino Vatican Museums and Galleries, Vatican City, Italy/Bridgeman Art Library, London/New York

38. What was the Schism of 1054?
Name 3 issues the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholics disagreed on.

39. Justinian and Theodora
Rebuilt the Hippodrome
Used for gladiator fights and chariot races

40. Justinian and Theodora
Justinian I organized the first written compilation of Roman law
Called The Justinian Code
Influenced the development of the civil law system in many countries

41. 32. What is happening in this slide?
33. What are the men doing?
34. Who are the men?

42. The Justinian Code
Laws were fairer to women. They could own property and raise their own children after their husbands died.
Children were allowed to choose their own marriage partners.
Slavery was legal and slaves must obey their masters.
Punishments were detailed and fit the crime
Inspired the modern concept of “justice.”

43. 35. Why was the Justinian Code important. 36
35. Why was the Justinian Code important? 36. Summarize 3 major achievements of Justinian

44. Byzantine Empire Classical and Christian Learning Roman Law
Europe
Classical and Christian Learning
Roman Law
Christianity
Missionaries
Europe
Byzantine Empire
Eastern Europe
Constantinople
Christian Art
Europe
Architecture
Trade
Conquests
Asia
Africa
Middle East
Europe
West
East

45. Islam spread throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe

46. The Crusades In the 7th Century. Muslims, conquered Palestine
where Jesus Christ had lived and preached
Muslims were tolerant
let Christians/Jews and keep their faiths
Christian pilgrims visited the Christian 'Holy Land‘ & shrines freely
In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks conquered Jerusalem
Persecuted Christian pilgrims
1071, defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert; Threatened Byzantine Empire; Emperor Alexius asked the Pope for help
Pope Urban II called for a “Holy War” or “Crusade” against the Muslim “infidels” (unbelievers) and occupiers of the Holy Lands
1000s responded and pinned crosses on their tunics

47. The Crusades continued
Between , there were 7 crusades
1000s responded and pinned crosses on their tunics & marched to fight/die for God
1st Crusade: ( )
French, German, and Italian armies captured Jerusalem
Sacked the city, slaughtered many Muslims & Jews; stole/ransacked goods
Many Crusaders went home--left surrounding territories vulnerable
Muslim leader, Saladin captured Edessa
2nd Crusade: ( )
2nd Crusade failed to win Edessa back
Additionally, Saladin re-captured Jerusalem in 1187 for the Muslims

48. The Crusades continued
3rd Crusade: ( )
Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany drowned in a local river
English King Richard & French King Philip II of France arrived by sea
captured the coastal cities
unable to move inland & capture Jerusalem
Saladin was impressed with King Richard’s fighting on the coast
King Richard earned the nickname the “Lionhearted” here
Saladin agreed to allow Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem

49. Muslim leader
Established the Ayyubid Dynasty
Very devout
Legendary chivalry
Defeated Europeans in the 2nd & 3rd Crusades
Spared Jerusalem
Made Cairo a vibrant medieval city
Saladin ( )

50. The Crusades continued
4th Crusade ( )
Venetian leaders used the opportunity to weaken their largest economic competitor
Diverted Crusaders to Constantinople; sacked the city and ruled it until 1261
Byzantine army recaptured Constantinople in 1261
Byzantine Empire never regained their great power
Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453

51. 4th Crusade = 1204 Venetian merchants encouraged the Crusaders
Jealous of Constantinople’s economic competition
1261, Byzantines regained control of the city
Byzantine empire never regained its former glory
“Limped along” until conquered by the Ottomans in 1453

52. What was the main effect of the Crusades?

53. Italian port cities prospered economically
Opened Europeans to a variety of goods and products: silks, spices, coffee, tea, science, and knowledge
Access to the compass/astrolabe provided Europeans with the means to travel away from the coastline and to seek new goods
Access to information about gun powder will enhance their more aggression and lead to imperialistic tendencies in Asia, Africa, and the Americas
4th Crusade sacked Constantinople;
weakened the Byzantine Empire
Led to Anti-Semitism in Europe
Broke down feudalism;
Paved the way for the development of European nation-states
Lasting impact: bred centuries of distrust & enmity between Muslims &Christians

54. Religious Influences
The Crusades

55. Crusaders sacked Constantinople

56. Collapse of the Byzantine Empire
Mehmet II
1453 – the Muslim Ottoman Empire surrounded and conquered Constantinople
Constantinople was renamed Istanbul
Istanbul = the capital of the Ottoman Empire.
Constantine XI

57. 37. What were the Crusades?
38. What caused the Crusades?
39. What were the results of the Crusades?
40. What was the result of the 4th Crusade?
41. Who was Saladin?
42. Who conquered Constantinople?
43. When did Constantinople fall?