1. APES review sheet 1

3. 4 most populous countries in the world
China
India
United States
Indonesia

4. Ecological footprints
The land area required to support and individual in a particular region for a year. It will produce the resources they consume and assimilate the waste that they produce

5. Doubling Time = The amount of time it takes for a population to double in size (assuming that it’s growth rate (r) doesn’t change)
Doubling time can identify a country as highly, moderate, or less developed.
The shorter the doubling time the less developed the country!
DT (doubling time) = 70/r

6. DT (doubling time) = 70/r
70 / 2 = 35
= 2047
(70/2 )2 = 70
= 2082

7. Resources
Renewable
Nonrenewable

8. Definitions
TFR – amount of children a woman will have in her reproductive years
Replacement fertility – babies produced to replace current population = 2.1
Infant mortality – children dying under age of 1
CBR – amount of births per 1000 in population
CDR - amount of deaths per 1000 in population

9. Tragedy of the commons
Harvesting a public space / common resource without thought of the future and only in your own self interest. Benefit is yours alone and negatives are shared by everyone
Blue fin tuna fishing
Harvesting of the Amazon rainforest
Putting greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere

10. © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

11. (B-D) + (I – E)
(4.5 – 2) + (1 - .5) = 3%

12. Positive feedback A runaway cycle – often called vicious cycles
A change in a certain direction provides output that further increases that change
Change leads to increasing change – it accelerates deviation
Example: Global warming
Temperature increases  Ice caps melt
Less Ice cap surface area  Less sunlight is reflected away from earth (albedo)
More light hits dark ocean and heat is trapped
Further temperature increase  Further melting of the ice

13. Solar
radiation
Energy in = Energy out
Reflected by
atmosphere (34%)
UV radiation
Absorbed
by ozone
by the earth
Visible
light
Lower stratosphere
(ozone layer)
Troposphere
Heat
Greenhouse
effect
Radiated by
atmosphere
as heat (66%)
Earth
Heat radiated

14. Relative population size Birth rate and death rate
Stage 1
Preindustrial
Stage 2
Transitional
Stage 3
Industrial
Stage 4
Postindustrial
Low
High
Relative population size
(number per 1,000 per year)
Birth rate and death rate 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Birth rate
Death rate
Total population
Low
growth rate
Increasing
growth rate
Very high
growth rate
Decreasing
growth rate
Low
growth rate
Zero
growth rate
Negative
growth rate
Time

15. © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
Male
Female
Male
Female
Rapid Growth
Guatemala
Nigeria
Saudi Arabia
Slow Growth
United States
Australia
Canada
Ages 0-14
Ages 15-44
Ages
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

16. © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
Male
Female
Male
Female
Zero Growth
Spain
Austria
Greece
Negative Growth
Germany
Bulgaria
Sweden
Ages 0-14
Ages 15-44
Ages
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

17. Negative feedback
One change leads to a result that lessens the original change
Self regulating method of control leading to the maintenance of a steady state equilibrium
Predator Prey is a classic Example
Snowshoe hare population increases
More food for Lynx  Lynx population increases
Increased predation on hares  hare population declines
Less food for Lynx  Lynx population declines
Less predation  Increase in hare population

18. Remember hare’s prey and other predators also have an effect

19. Electromagnetic spectrum
Highest
Gamma
X ray UV
Visible IR
Microwave
Radio/TV
Lowest

20. Visible Light Spectrum

22. Percentage surviving (log scale)
100 10 1
Age