1. “CALORIMETRY” Distraction Deleted Message:
1959 Movie Classic: “Some Like It Hot”
(Six Academy Award nominations; a top 100 movie; top 100 last lines; starring Tony Curtis, Marilyn Monroe and Jack Lemmon. Two Struggling musicians (Curtis and Lemmon) witness the St. Valentine's Day Massacre and try to find a way out of Chicago before they are found and killed by the mob. The only job that will pay their way is an all-girl band, so the two dress up as women. In addition to hiding, each has his own problems; one (Curtis) falls for another band member (Monroe) but can't tell her his gender, and the other has a rich suitor (Joe E. Brown) who will not take "No," for an answer. In the final scene, Brown asks Lemmon to marry him, at which point Lemmon tears off his wig and says, “Look I’m not even a woman, I’m a man”, leading another of Director Billy Wilder’s famous last lines, which also applies to calorimetry:
“Nobody’s perfect” – Joe E. Brown
Vic Viola, WCI3, Feb. 12, 2005

2. ? HOW ACCURATELY DO WE KNOW E*/A ?
ISSUES:
∙ Experimental Uncertainties
∙ Physics Uncertainties
∙ E* Construction Protocols
∙Summary
My % Error Estimate
Audience Participation

3. EXPERIMENTAL UNCERTAINTIES
∙ Solid-angle Acceptance
∙ Granularity
∙ Resolution Effects
Thresholds: IC < Si < CsI
Energy: Si > IC > CsI
Particle ID: Si-Si > Si-CsI > IC-Si ~ phoswich
Time-of-flight: IMF/residue mass; neutron En
TPC/Spectrometer: track definition
Neutrons: detection efficiency
∙ Statistics

4. PHYSICS UNCERTAINTIES
Selection of “Thermal” Events:
Preequilibrium Emission / Mid-rapidity Source
Neutrons: Mn & En
Source Reconstruction: Z, A and Vll
Kinematic Reconstruction of Spectra
Primary Fragment N/Z

5. E* REFERENCES pbar + A Berlin n/cp Ball: PRL 77, 1230 (1996)
p, p,3He + A ISiS: PLB 423, 21 (1998);
PRC 64, &4 (2001)
p, 4He, C + A FASA: NPA 700,457 (2002)
NPA 709, 392 (2002)
A + C EOS: PRC 62, (2000)
A + A ALADIN: PRL 75, 1040 (1995);
NPA 607, 457 (1996)
INDRA: NPA 686, 537 (2001);
NPA 700, 555 (2002)
TAMU: PRC 55, 227 (1997)
PRC 62, (2000)
CHIMERA: E. Gallichet, commun LAVAL ARRAY PRL 77, 462 (1996)
SUPERBALL: PRC 64, (2001)

6. ∙ NONEQUILIBRIUM EMISSION and ∙ MID-RAPIDITY SOURCE

7. Nonequilibrium effects
1.2 GeV at LEAR
8 GeV/c Au

10. INDRA@GSI From the Fermi to the relativistic domain Invariant
cross sections
for Au + Au
at peripheral
impact parameters
J. Łukasik et al., Phys. Lett. B566, 76 (2003)

12. NEUTRON CORRECTIONS

13. NEUTRONS
ROCHESTER SUPERBALL
BERLIN BALL

15. T. Lefort

16. SOURCE DEFINITION

18. Determination of E*
Hypothesis : Equipartition of the total E* between the two partners
112Sn+58Ni
124Sn+64Ni
Chimera-Reverse Collaboration
Emmanuelle Galichet

19. RADIAL EXPANSION

21. E* (source in c.m. ) = GKcp(i) + GKn(j) - Q i j
K = particle kinetic energies
cp = light-charged particles
IMFs
heavy residues
n = neutrons
gammas
Q = )(cp’s+n’s) - )(source) = - Removal Energy
DETECTORS: ALADIN
CHIMERA
EOS
FASA
INDRA
ISiS
MULTICS- MINIBALL
TAMU
V2 WCI’05 2/15/05

22. E* PROTOCOLS (LI) FASA: E* = [E*(RC+SMM)]
 = empirical fit to observed MCP
BNB/BSiB: E* = E*(GEMINI) ∙ f (LCP Multiplicity)
ISiS: Calorimetry
Zsrc = Ztgt 
Asrc = Atgt  [ Mnegp]
AIMF : Korteling
Mn: BNB/BSiB (Mn vs. Mp)
<En> : SMM
<E>: MZ>2 × 1 MeV
EOS: Zsrc = Ztgt
Asrc = Atgt  [ Mpneg ]
Mn = Asrc  Aithermal
<En> = Mn ∙ (3/2)T ; a = (A/13) MeV-1

23. E* PROTOCOLS (HI) INDRA QP:
∙ Zsrc = (  ≤ 90º in c.m.) ( ≤ 90º in QP frame) ∙ Asrc = (A/Z)proj ∙ Zsrc ∙ Mn = Asrc  Afragments  ALCP ( ≤ 90º in QP frame) ∙ <En> = bT ; b = 1; 1.5 or 2 value dependent on origin of neutron freeze-out or secondary decay and on excitation energy. For central collisions the same prescription has been used, but the retained LCPs are those emitted between 60 º and 120 º. ∙
TAMU CENTRAL
∙ Zsrc = Zp+t 
∙ Asrc = Ap+t  ; AIMF = 2 ZIMF
∙ Mn = (N/Z) ∙ Mp
∙ <En> = Mn ∙ 3T/2
∙ <E> = 10 MeV

24. ALADIN ∙ (Z, A)src = [ (Z,A)proj  (Z, A)fireball] ; y > 0.7ybeam
∙ Mn: Measured-thermal
∙ En: Measured
∙ MH: p:d:t from literature
∙ MZ=1, Asrc from 1.3 < (N/Z)src < 1.5
∙ AIMF: EPAX (Z > 3)
∙ AHe, Li randomly according to measured
mass distributions for Z = 2, 3
comments:
<Ex> = (<mi> + <ki> - <msrc> - <Ksrc>

25. Fig. 11 in this TAMU-WCI directory

26. Figure 12

27. J.B. Natowitz et al., PRC 65, (2002)
K = 232 ± 30 MeV

28. SUMMARY ∙ The current state of nuclear calorimetry permits determination of the E*/A of the fragmenting source to an accuracy of ~20%. Nearly all experiments can be made self-consistent within this range      (+20%,+/-10%, -20%) ∙ Bottom Line: For all multifragmentation experiments,  the region in which there is a dramatic change in reaction observeables corresponds to                 E*/A =  5 +/- 1 MeV/nucleon. Within a phase-transition scenario, this value represents the transition energy.