2. KEY CONCEPT Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium provides a framework for understanding how populations evolve.

3. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes populations that are not evolving.
Biologists use models to study populations.
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a type of model.

4. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes populations that are not evolving.
Genotype frequencies stay the same if five conditions are met.
very large population: no genetic drift
no emigration or immigration: no gene flow
no mutations: no new alleles added to gene pool
random mating: individuals pair by chance instead of their genotype/phenotype no sexual selection
no natural selection: all traits aid equally in survival

5. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes populations that are not evolving.
Real populations rarely meet all five conditions.
Real population data is compared to a model.
Models are used to studying how populations evolve.

6. Predicted genotype frequencies are compared with actual frequencies.
The Hardy-Weinberg equation is used to predict genotype frequencies in a population.
Predicted genotype frequencies are compared with actual frequencies.
used for traits in simple dominant-recessive systems
must know frequency of recessive homozygotes
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
"The Hardy-Weinberg equation is based on Mendelian genetics. It is derived from a simple Punnett square in which p is the frequency of the dominant allele and q is the frequency of the recessive allele."

7. Genetic drift changes allele frequencies due to chance alone.

8. Gene flow moves alleles from one population to another.

9. Mutations produce the genetic variation needed for evolution.

10. Sexual selection selects for traits that improve mating success.

11. Natural selection selects for traits advantageous for survival.

12. In nature, populations evolve.
expected in all populations most of the time
respond to changing environments

13. Hardy-Weinberg Lab Data
Mutation
Gene Flow
Genetic Drift
Selection
Non-random mating

14. Hardy Weinberg Lab: Equilibrium
Original population
Case #1 F5
18 individuals
36 alleles
p (A): 0.5
q (a): 0.5
total alleles = 36
p (A): (4+4+7)/36 = .42
q (a): (7+7+7)/36 = .58 AA 4 Aa 7 aa 7 AA
.25 Aa
.50 aa
.25 AA
.22 Aa
.39 aa
.39
How do you explain these data?

15. Hardy Weinberg Lab: Selection
Original population
Case #2 F5
15 individuals
30 alleles
p (A): 0.5
q (a): 0.5
total alleles = 30
p (A): (9+9+6)/30 = .80
q (a): (0+0+6)/30 = .20 AA 9 Aa 6 aa AA
.25 Aa
.50 aa
.25 AA
.60 Aa
.40 aa
How do you explain these data?

16. Heterozygote Advantage
Hardy Weinberg Lab:
Original population
Case #3 F5
15 individuals
30 alleles
p (A): 0.5
q (a): 0.5
total alleles = 30
p (A): (4+4+11)/30 = .63
q (a): (0+0+11)/30 = .37 AA 4 Aa 11 aa AA
.25 Aa
.50 aa
.25 AA
.27 Aa
.73 aa
How do you explain these data?

17. Heterozygote Advantage
Hardy Weinberg Lab:
Original population
Case #3 F10
15 individuals
30 alleles
p (A): 0.5
q (a): 0.5
total alleles = 30
p (A): (6+6+9)/30 = .70
q (a): (0+0+9)/30 = .30 AA 6 Aa 9 aa AA
.25 Aa
.50 aa
.25 AA .4 Aa .6 aa
How do you explain these data?

18. Hardy Weinberg Lab: Genetic Drift
Original population
Case #4 F5-1
6 individuals
12 alleles
p (A): 0.5
q (a): 0.5
total alleles = 12
p (A): (4+4+2)/12 = .83
q (a): (0+0+2)/12 = .17 AA 4 Aa 2 aa AA
.25 Aa
.50 aa
.25 AA
.67 Aa
.33 aa
How do you explain these data?

19. Hardy Weinberg Lab: Genetic Drift
Original population
Case #4 F5-2
5 individuals
10 alleles
p (A): 0.5
q (a): 0.5
total alleles = 10
p (A): (0+0+4)/10 = .4
q (a): (1+1+4)/10 = .6 AA Aa 4 aa 1 AA
.25 Aa
.50 aa
.25 AA Aa .8 aa .2
How do you explain these data?

20. Hardy Weinberg Lab: Genetic Drift
Original population
Case #4 F5-3
5 individuals
10 alleles
p (A): 0.5
q (a): 0.5
total alleles = 10
p (A): (2+2+2)/10 = .6
q (a): (1+1+2)/10 = .4 AA 2 Aa 2 aa 1 AA
.25 Aa
.50 aa
.25 AA .4 Aa .4 aa .2
How do you explain these data?

21. Hardy Weinberg Lab: Genetic Drift
Original population
Case #4 F5
5 individuals
10 alleles
p (A): 0.5
q (a): 0.5
AA Aa aa p q AA
.25 Aa
.50 aa
.25
How do you explain these data?

22. SPECIATION KEY CONCEPT New species can arise when populations are isolated.

23. The isolation of populations can lead to speciation.
Populations become isolated when there is no gene flow.
Isolated populations adapt to their own environments.
Genetic differences can add up over generations.

24. Reproductive isolation can occur between isolated populations.
members of different populations cannot mate successfully
final step to becoming separate species
Speciation is the rise of two or more species from one existing species.

25. Populations can become isolated in several ways.
Behavioral barriers can cause isolation.
called behavioral isolation
includes differences in courtship or mating behaviors

26. Geographic barriers can cause isolation.
called geographic isolation
physical barriers divide population
Temporal barriers can cause isolation.
called temporal isolation
timing of reproductive periods prevents mating