1. TOOLS TO KNOW
PARENT’S GENES
A PUNNET SQUARE IS A TOOL USED TO PREDICT THE POSSIBLE GENOTYPES FOR THE OFFSPRING OF TWO KNOWN PARENTS.
PARENT’S GENES

2. T,t TT, tt Tt, Gg TERMS TO KNOW ALLELES HOMOZYGOUS HETEROZYGOUS
DIFFERENT FORMS OF A TRAIT THAT A GENE MAY HAVE
T,t
HOMOZYGOUS
AN ORGANISM WITH TWO ALLELES THAT ARE THE SAME
TT, tt
HETEROZYGOUS
AN ORGANISM WITH TWO DIFFERENT ALLELES FOR A TRAIT
Tt, Gg

3. Tt, Gg T OR G t or g TERMS TO KNOW HYBRID DOMINANT RECESSIVE
SAME AS HETEROZYGOUS
Tt, Gg
DOMINANT
A TRAIT THAT DOMINATES OR COVERS UP THE OTHER FORM OF THE TRAIT
REPRESENTED BY AN UPPERCASE LETTER
T OR G
RECESSIVE
THE TRAIT BEING DOMINATED OR COVERED UP BY THE DOMINATE TRAIT
REPRESENTED BY A LOWER CASE LETTER
t or g

4. TERMS TO KNOW PHENOTYPE TALL, SHORT, GREEN, WRINKLED GENOTYPE
THE PHYSICAL APPEARANCE OF AN ORGANISM
(WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE)
TALL, SHORT, GREEN, WRINKLED
GENOTYPE
THE GENE ORDER OF AN ORGANISM
(WHAT ITS GENES LOOK LIKE)
TT, GG, Tt, gg
Gg, tt
Probability
Predicted percent chance of something happening
100%
75%
50%

5. HOW TO USE A MONOHYBRID (ONE TRAIT) PUNNETT SQUARE
THE PARENTS’ ALLELES GO ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE SQUARE B B
BB X bb b b

6. HOW TO USE A MONOHYBRID (ONE TRAIT) PUNNETT SQUARE
THE PARENTS’ ALLELES GO ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE SQUARE
DROP THE LETTERS ON THE TOP, INTO EACH SQUARE B B b B b B b
MOVE EACH LETTER ON THE SIDE, INTO EACH SQUARE b
THE ORDER DOES NOT MATTER IN THE BOXES, BUT UPPERCASE FIRST IS A GOOD RULE B b B b

7. HOW TO USE A MONOHYBRID (ONE TRAIT) PUNNETT SQUARE
WHAT DO THE RESULTS SHOW?
RESULTS: B B
PHENOTYPIC: 100% BLACK
IF B IS THE DOMINANT ALLELE FOR BLACK b Bb Bb
AND b IS THE RECESSIVE ALLELE FOR BROWN
GENOTYPIC:
100% Bb b Bb Bb
THEN WE CAN MAKE PREDICTIONS ABOUT THE OUTCOMES

8. HOW TO USE A PUNNETT SQUARE
WHAT ARE THE RESULTS?
LET’S LOOK AT ANOTHER PUNNETT SQUARE AND PREDICT THE OUTCOME T t
PHENOTYPIC:
75% TALL % SHORT T T T T t
T IS THE DOMINANT ALLELE FOR TALLNESS
GENOTYPIC:
1TT: 2Tt: 1tt
25 %TT, % Tt, 25% tt t T t t t
t IS THE RECESSIVE ALLELE FOR SHORTNESS

9. PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF PUNNETT SQUARES
THE ALLELES OF A PARTICULAR SPECIES OF DOG CAN BE EITHER D (NORMAL HEIGHTH) OR d (DWARF). THE HETEROZYGOUS (Dd) AND HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT (DD) FORM OF THIS DOG LOOK THE SAME (TALL). IF YOU FOUND A STRAY DOG OF THIS BREED, HOW COULD YOU DETERMINE ITS GENOTYPE?

10. PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF PUNNETT SQUARES
COULD A DOG BE CROSSED WITH ANOTHER DOG TO DETERMINE IF HE WAS PUREBRED FOR TALLNESS?
WHAT GENOTYPE SHOULD THE DOG HAVE THAT IS BEING USED FOR THE CROSS?

11. PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF PUNNETT SQUARESD D
IF THE DOG IS PUREBRED (DD), IT DOESN’T MATTER WHAT YOU CROSS IT WITH, THE OFFSPRING WILL ALWAYS LOOK LIKE THE DOMINANT. DD DD D D DD DD D D D D D DD DD d Dd Dd d d Dd Dd Dd Dd

12. PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF PUNNETT SQUARES
WHAT WOULD BE THE MOST EFFECTIVE CROSS FOR DETERMINING IF THE DOG IS HETEROZYGOUS (Dd) ? CROSSING IT WITH A PUREBRED (DD) WILL NOT HELP.
WHAT WOULD THE RESULTS BE IF YOU CROSSED IT WITH ANOTHER HETEROZYGOUS?
WHAT WOULD THE RESULTS BE IF YOU CROSSED IT WITH A HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE (dd)? D d D d D DD Dd d Dd dd d d Dd dd Dd dd

13. PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF PUNNETT SQUARESD d D d D DD Dd d Dd dd d Dd dd d Dd dd
THE HETEROZYGOUS CROSS WOULD ONLY GIVE YOU A 25% CHANCE OF THE RECESSIVE TRAIT APPEARING.
THE MOST EFFECTIVE CROSS WAS USING THE HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE. THIS WOULD GIVE A 50% CHANCE OF THE RECESSIVE TRAIT APPEARING.
THIS PROCESS IS CALLED A TEST CROSS. IN A LITTER OF DOGS, IF A RECESSIVE DOG APPEARS, THEN YOU KNOW THAT THE ORIGINAL DOG WAS NOT A PUREBRED.

14. TAKS FORMATTED ITEMS ANSWER: 50%
IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER (FRUIT FLIES), RED EYE COLOR (R) IS DOMINANT OVER BROWN EYE COLOR (r). IF THE FLIES IN THE PICTURE WERE CROSSED, WHAT PERCENT OF THEIR OFFSPRING WOULD BE EXPECTED TO HAVE BROWN EYES?
ANSWER: 50%

15. TAKS FORMATTED ITEMS H h H 4 1 h 3 2
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING HAS THE hh GENOTYPE?
1 & 3 2 4
NONE H 4 1 h 3 2
2. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A TRUE STATEMENT?
INDIVIDUAL 4 IS RECESSIVE
INDIVIDUALS 1 & 3 ARE HETEROZYGOUS
INDIVIDUAL 2 IS DOMINANT
ALL INDIVIDUALS ARE FEMALE

16. TAKS FORMATTED ITEMS B b B BB Bb b Bb bb
3. IF B IS THE ALLELE FOR BLACK FUR AND b IS THE ALLELE FOR WHITE FUR, WHAT PERCENT WOULD BE BLACK?
25%
50%
100%
75% B BB Bb b Bb bb
4. WHAT FRACTION IS HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT IN THE ABOVE CROSS?
1/2
1/4
1/3
3/4