1. Chapter 24 Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800-1890

2. The Train Station in Orizaba, Mexico, 1877
The Train Station in Orizaba, Mexico, In the last decades of the nineteenth century Mexico’s political leaders actively promoted economic development. The railroad became the symbol of this ideal.
p658

3. Independence in Latin America, 1800–1830
Roots of Revolution, to 1810
Napoleon’s impact
Spanish South America, 1810–1825
Simon Bolivar and Gran Colombia
Mexico, 1810–1823
Hidalgo’s rebellion and reaction
1823: Mexican Republic
Brazil, to 1831

4. Chronology from 1800-1875 United States and Canada
 Empty cell
United States and Canada
Mexico and Central America
South America
1800
1789 U.S. Constitution ratified
1803 Louisiana Purchase
War of 1812
Mexican movement for independence
1808 Portuguese royal family arrives in Brazil
Revolutions for independence begin in Spanish South America
 1825
1836 Texas gains independence from Mexico
1845 Texas admitted as a state
1848 Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York
War between Mexico and the United States
Caste War
1822 Brazil gains independence
1831 Brazil signs treaty with Great Britain to end slave trade. Illegal trade continues.
1850
Civil War
1867 Creation of Dominion of Canada
1857 Mexico's new constitution limits power of Catholic Church and military
French invade Mexico
1867 Emperor Maximilian executed
1850 Brazilian illegal slave trade suppressed
Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil wage war against Paraguay
1875
1876 Sioux and allies defeat U.S. Army in Battle of Little Bighorn
1890 "Jim Crow" laws enforce
segregation in South 1890s United States becomes
world's leading steel producer
1870s Governments of Argentina and Chile begin final campaigns against indigenous peoples
Chile wages war against Peru and Bolivia; telegraph, refrigeration, and barbed wire introduced in Argentina
1888 Abolition of slavery in Brazil
Description of the table: A chronology of the U.S. and Canada, Mexico and Central America, and South America from 1800 to 1875.
p661

5. Latin America by 1830
Map 24.1: Latin America by By 1830 patriot forces had overturned the Spanish and Portuguese Empires of the Western Hemisphere. Regional conflicts, local wars, and foreign interventions challenged the survival of many of these new nations following independence. © Cengage Learning
Map 24.1 p663

6. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla. Padre Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla led the first stage of Mexico’s revolution for independence by rallying the rural masses. His defeat, trial, and execution made him one of Mexico’s most important political martyrs.
p664

7. The Problem of Order, 1825–1890 Constitutional Experiments
Constitutionalism
Dominion of Canada
Structural weakness in Latin America
Personalist Leaders
Andrew Jackson / Jose Antonio Paez

8. Dominion of Canada, 1873
Map 24.2: Dominion of Canada, Although independence was not yet achieved and settlement remained concentrated along the U.S. border, Canada had established effective political and economic control over its western territories by 1873.
Map 24.2 p668

9. Territorial Growth of the United States, 1783–1853
Map 24.3: Territorial Growth of the United States, 1783–1853. The rapid western expansion of the United States resulted from aggressive diplomacy and warfare against Mexico and Amerindian peoples. Railroad development helped integrate the trans-Mississippi west and promote economic expansion. © Cengage Learning
Map 24.3 p669

10. Execution of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico
Execution of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico. This painting by Edouard Manet shows the 1867 execution by firing squad of Maximilian and two of his Mexican generals. The defeat of the French intervention was a great triumph for Mexican patriots led by Benito Juárez.
p671

11. The Problem of Order, 1825-1890 The Threat of Regionalism
Secession and slavery
American Confederacy
Foreign Interventions and Regional Wars
Dominant powers
USA, Brazil, Chile, Argentina
Native Peoples and the Nation-State
Conquest and relocation of the Plains
Maya revolt in Mexico

12. Navajo Leaders Gathered in Washington to Negotiate
Navajo Leaders Gathered in Washington to Negotiate. As settlers pushed west in the nineteenth century, Amerindian peoples were forced to negotiate territorial concessions with the U.S. government. This photo shows Navajo leaders and their Anglo translators in Washington, D.C., in 1874.
p672

13. The Challenge of Social and Economic Change
The Abolition of Slavery
Emancipation Proclamation
13th Amendment
Immigration
American Cultures
Women’s Rights and the Struggle for Social Justice
Slow progress in the Americas
Continued racial discrimination

14. A Former Brazilian Slave Returns from Military Service
A Former Brazilian Slave Returns from Military Service. The heroic actions of black freemen and slaves in the Paraguayan War (1865–1870) led many Brazilians to condemn slavery. The original caption for this drawing reads: “On his return from the war in Paraguay: Full of glory, covered with laurels, after having spilled his blood in defense of the fatherland and to free a people from slavery, the volunteer sees his own mother bound and whipped! Awful reality!”
p675

15. Chinese Funeral in Vancouver, Canada
Chinese Funeral in Vancouver, Canada. In the 1890s Vancouver was an important destination for Chinese immigrants. This photo shows how an important element of traditional Chinese culture thrived among the storefronts and streetcar lines of the late-Victorian Canadian city.
p676

16. Arrest of Labor Activist in Buenos Aires
Arrest of Labor Activist in Buenos Aires. The labor movement in Buenos Aires grew in numbers and became more radical with the arrival of tens of thousands of Italian and Spanish immigrants. Fearful of socialist and anarchist unions, the government of Argentina used an expanded police force to break strikes.
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17. The Challenge of Social and Economic Change (continued)
Development and Underdevelopment
USA, Canada and Argentina
Land, resources and immigrants
Structural differences and inequality
Altered Environments
Urbanization
Deforestation

18. Excavation of Port of Buenos Aires, Argentina
Excavation of Port of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Relying on foreign capital and engineering, the government of Argentina improved the port to facilitate the nation’s rapidly expanding export economy.
p679

19. Cuban sugar refinery showing mix of traditional and modern technologies
Cuban sugar refinery showing mix of traditional and modern technologies. Sugar cane was delivered to the crushing mill by both ox carts and railroad lines. In the background, steam-driven machinery moves cane to a crusher.
p680

20. The Expansion of the United States, 1850–1920
Map 24.4: The Expansion of the United States, 1850–1920. The settlement of western territories and their admission as states depended on migration, the exploitation of natural resources, and important new technologies like railroads and telegraphs that facilitated economic and political integration.
Map 24.4 p681