1. The
Industrial
Revolution

2. Industrial Staffordshire

3. Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

4. The New Industrial City

5. Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

6. The Silent Highwayman - 1858
Problems of Pollution
The Silent Highwayman

7. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

8. 19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche
The new Middle Class wanted to
Join the elite
Separate from the working class

9. Stereotype of the Factory Owner
Entrepreneurs
Many were working class
Rose from humble circumstances
Originally capital investment was small

10. The Factory System Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.

11. Textile Factory Workers in England

12. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

13. “…But the principle effects which I have seen produced in this way have been upon the knees. By long continued standing the knees become so weak that they turn inwards, producing that deformity which is called "knock-knees" and I have sometimes seen it so striking, that the individual has actually lost twelve inches of his height by it.”

14. Unguarded machinery was a major problem for children working in factories. One hospital reported that every year it treated nearly a thousand people for wounds and mutilations caused by machines in factories.

15. Child Labor in the Mines
Child “hurriers”
What are the benefits of using child labor?

16. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker
Male Wages
Female Wages
under 11
2s 3d.
2s. 4d.
4s. 1d.
4s. 3d.
10s. 2d.
7s. 3d.
17s. 2d.
8s. 5d.
20s. 4d.
8s. 7d.
22s. 8d.
8s. 9d.
21s. 7d.
9s. 8d.
20s. 3d.
9s. 3d.
16s. 7d.
8s. 10d.
16s. 4d.
8s. 4d.
13s. 6d.
6s. 4d.

17. Industrial Revolution
Standard of Living
Good?
More goods available
Wages do improve over time
Bad?
Living conditions
Working conditions

18. Labor Trade Unions Combination Acts Skilled workers Protect jobs
Gain benefits
Combination Acts
Makes unions illegal

19. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

20. The Neo-Luddites Today

21. The “Peoples’ Charter”
Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.
Votes for all men.
Equal electoral districts.
Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.
Payment for Members of Parliament.
Annual general elections.
The secret ballot.

22. Demand for Change Three periods for industrial workers 1750 to 1800 –
Beginning of industrialization
Families are employed
1800 to 1850
Harsh working conditions
Families are broken up
Efforts at reform
Post-1850
Conditions slowly improve

23. Demand for Change Reform Efforts
Factories were to be cleaned twice a year
Separate sleeping quarters for men and women
School for children
Sunday school instruction
Limited working hours (10 hours by 1874)
Start times – not before 5:30
No children working underground (mines)

24. Demands for Change 1820s – Repealed “Combination Acts”
Barred unions, picketing and strikes
1870s – Strike picket peacefully
1880s – unskilled unions formed
Dock workers, coal miners

25. Demand for Change Why change was slow Fierce competition for profits
Unskilled labor force
Plentiful supply of labor
Government was slow to support workers