1. CH 19, sect. 1 – Rest of the section. Social Impact in Europe:
Decline of wars, death rates, and diseases led to a population increase.
Increased food supply also contributed to an increase in population.
As a result, cities grew rapidly in population as people sought work in factories.
Cities had terrible living conditions – crowded and polluted.

9. Irish Potato Famine – 1840’s, Ireland.
Potatoes which were brought from the Americas, grew very well in places like Ireland.
They were cheap and easy to grow.
As a result the Irish became dependent on potatoes as their main food source.
A fungus then wiped out the potato crop.
1 million Irish died, 1 million left Ireland – most went to the USA.

12. New Classes of People:
Industrial Middle Class -- people who built factories, bought the machines, and figured out where the markets were.
Words to describe this class: initiative, vision, ambition, greed.
Industrial Working Class – worked in factories and mines hours a day.
Worked in terrible conditions, lived in cramped and dirty housing.

15. Early Socialism:
Started in the early 1800’s in response to the terrible working and living conditions in industrialized cities.
Early socialists believed the gov’t should own/control factories and utilities, etc.
Socialists believed in equality of all people and wanted to replace competition with cooperation.
Later evolved into Communist theory through Karl Marx.

17. CH 19, sect. 1 cont.: Child Labor and Working Conditions during the Industrial Revolution.
Children were exploited during the IR – at first there were no rules or laws about using child labor.
In 1821, about half of all workers were under 20 yrs of age, they were paid about 1/3 of an adult.

18. Why Children?
They can be paid less than adults.
Small size allowed them to crawl into machines and fix them, also work in mines.
Were easier to train and control than adults.
Hours were hrs a day, six days a week.

33. 2014 World Population =
7+ billion people.
I.R. starts: World Population =
1 billion people.

38. Early factory and mine conditions:
Very dangerous –if you got hurt, you got fired.
Air quality terrible from dust and lint.
Noise – machines very loud, damaged hearing.
Long hours = 12+ hours a day, few breaks.

43. Early laws:
Factory Act of 1833: No child workers under the age of 9, children could not work at night, 2 hours of school a day for children.
The Factory Act of 1844: reduced the hours of work for children between 8 and 13 to 6.5 hours a day.
The Factory Act of 1891: raised the minimum age at which a child can work from 10 to 11.

47. Report from the British Gov’t on child labor: (don’t write this)
“Many child scavengers lost limbs or hands, crushed in the machinery; some were even decapitated. Those who were maimed lost their jobs. In one mill near Cork there were six deaths and 60 mutilations in four years. Blincoe was lucky: he only lost half a finger. ”

48. “Supervisors used terror and punishment to drive the children to greater productivity. A boy in a nail-making factory was punished for producing inferior nails by having his head down on an iron counter while someone 'hammered a nail through his ear, and the boy has made good nails ever since'.” (don’t write this)

49. "I was a healthy and strong boy, when I first went to the mill
"I was a healthy and strong boy, when I first went to the mill. When I was about eight years old, I could walk from Leeds to Bradford (ten miles) without any pain or difficulty, and with a little fatigue; now I cannot stand without crutches! I cannot walk at all! Perhaps I might creep up stairs. I go up stairs backwards every night! I found my limbs begin to fail, after I had been working about a year. It came on with great pain in my legs and knees. I am very much fatigued towards the end of the day. I cannot work in the mill now.“(don’t write this)