1. Lucas Pettinati Rafael Monzon Andreas Dinopoulos
architect structural engineer construction manager
Berkeley Georgia Tech Strathclyde, UK
Luciana Barroso
owner

2. Today’s Outline
The Project
Project Requirements
Owner Requirements
Architectural Context
Site Context
Alternatives
Preferred Alternative
A-E-C Solutions
A-E-C Interactions
Lessons Learned

3. The Project
Year 2010
Lake Tahoe area
Rebuild 3-story educational building
Ridge University Engineering School

4. Project Requirements
Maintain existing footprints
36’ height limitation
$5,500,000 budget
One year duration

5. Owner Requirements
Showpiece building
“Safe” structure within site context
On budget / on time

6. Architectural Context
South Lake Tahoe
Building style based on University of California Berkeley Art Museum and I.M. Pei’s NCAR Building

7. Architectural Desires
Large curtain wall
Unobstructed seating in auditorium and lecture rooms
Heavy vs. light

8. Site Context
Boundary conditions
Geological features
Local weather conditions
Climate Zone 16
Local working week

9. Alternative 1: Architecture
Pre-existing structural layout
Privacy increases on vertical and inward motion
Use of internal light wells to unite spaces
Large spaces within to be used for interaction

10. Alternative 1: Engineering and Construction
Explored structural systems:
Concrete
Steel
Concrete+Steel
Preferred Structural System:
Construction Cost: $5,800,000

11. Alternative 2: Architecture
Programmatic in nature
Separation of function by level
Individuality
Large spaces within to be used for interaction

12. Alternative 2: Engineering and Construction
Explored structural systems:
Concrete
Steel
Preferred Structural System:
Construction Cost: $5,400,000

13. Alternative 3: Architecture
Programmatic in nature
Separation of function by level
Individuality
Periphery vs. core
Large spaces within to be used for interaction

14. Alternative 3: Engineering and Construction
Explored structural systems:
Concrete
Steel
Preferred Structural System:
Construction Cost: $5,600,000

15. Alternative 4: Architecture
Auditorium as indoor/outdoor space
8º shift
Cantilevers hold offices
Glass curtain
Slope roof

16. Alternative 4: Engineering and Construction
Explored structural systems:
Concrete
Steel
Concrete+Steel
Preferred Structural System:
Construction Cost: $5,700,000

17. Preferred Solution: Alternative 4
Owner’s preference
Architectural Elements
Glass curtain walls
Cantilevered offices
Dual purpose auditorium
Open space light well at lobby
Dynamic spaces that allow for options
Structural Elements
Challenging cantilever system
Sound lateral load resisting system
Structure nicely integrated into architecture
Construction Elements
Tight time scheduling
Challenging cost cut-down

18. Architecture Final Iteration

19. Overview
Based on Alternative 4
Faculty offices along periphery
Student offices in an open environment
Auditorium follows ground

20. 1st Floor: Circulation

21. 1st Floor: Egress

22. 1st Floor: Lecture Rooms

23. 1st Floor: Lecture Rooms
The following QuickTime VR movie is representative of the layout and feeling of the lecture rooms within the structure

24. 1st Floor: Small Classroom

25. 2nd Floor: Circulation

26. 2nd Floor: Egress

27. 2nd Floor: Instructional Facilities

28. 2nd Floor: Seminar Rooms

29. 2nd Floor: Student Offices

30. 3rd Floor: Circulation

31. 3rd Floor: Egress

32. 3rd Floor: Faculty Offices

33. 3rd Floor: Faculty Offices
The following QuickTime VR movie is representative of the layout and feeling of the dean’s office within the structure

34. 3rd Floor: Faculty Lounge

35. 3rd Floor: Secretaries

36. Architecture Performance
Planned space is 8% smaller than the program requirements
Total area: 27,600 square feet
All areas handicap accessible per ADA regulations
At least 2 means of egress on every floor
Centralized plumbing runs
HVAC and Electrical distribution imbedded in walls

37. Architecture Performance
Room affinities maintained from initial program
Some room functions combined into larger yet customizable units
Seminar Rooms
Small Classrooms
Secretaries
Security increases with levels
1st Floor: Public
2nd Floor: Semi-private
3rd Floor: Private
No internal stairwell

38. Engineering Final Iteration

39. Structural System Description
Classroom + Office Building:
Concrete lateral load resisting system
Concrete plate slab
Steel cantilever system
Auditorium:
Steel braced frames
Truss roof system

40. Structural Considerations
Moderate to high seismicity (Zone 3)
Heavy snow loads
Live Loads
40psf (Classrooms)
50psf (Offices)
100psf (Storage & Hallways)
Snow Load = 125psf
Dead Loads
100psf (Slab + Beams)
25psf (Floor + Partitions)
10psf (Installations)

41. Classroom & Office Building
Third Floor Slab
& Roof Slab
Second Floor Slab
12x18 Concrete
Ring Beam
12” Shear Walls
16x16 Concrete Columns
8” Concrete Plate Slab
4” Composite Slab
Steel Cantilever Elements

42. Analysis Parameters Analysis Results UBC Code
Seismic Reduction Factor, Rw = 12
Seismic Zone Factor, Z = 0.3
Peak Ground Acceleration , Ao = 0.3
Importance Factor, I = 1.0
Site Coefficient, S = 1.2
Analysis Results
Building Weight = 4807 K
Design Base Shear = 255 K
(in both directions)

43. Vibration Modes
Mode 1:
T = 0.23 sec
Mode 2:
T = 0.21 sec

44. Drifts West Side Frame Max Disp = 1.70” (0.4% of total height)
Limit Drift Ratio = 0.03/Rw =
Max Drift Ratio Obtained <

45. M, V & Axial Force Diagrams West Side Frame
Moment Diagram
M, V & Axial Force Diagrams West Side Frame
M- max = K-ft
M+ max = K-ft
Shear Force Diagram
Axial Force Diagram
V max = K
A max = K

46. Wall Stresses Vertical Stresses Shear Stresses Max Vertical Stress
0.73 Ksi << F’c
Max Shear Stress
0.27 Ksi << F’v

47. Column Sizing Iteration
PRELIMINARY SIZE
18x18 Column:
As req= min = 1.0% = 3.2sqin
ITERATION
16x16 Column
As required = min = 1.0% = 2.6sqin

48. Beam Sizing Iteration PRELIMINARY SIZE 12x20 Beam:
As max req = 0.71sqin (0.35%)
ITERATION
12x18 Beam:
As max req = 1.02sqin (0.60%)

49. Auditorium Iteration Columns Braced Frames Roof Truss System
Secondary Roof Elements

50. Construction Final Iteration

51. Machinery Mechanical excavator Bulldozer Dump Trucks Tower crane
Concrete mixers

52. 4D Model loading…

53. Cost Breakdown

54. Cost Comparison

55. Life Cycle Considerations
Insulation
R-30 Batt for roof
R-19 Batt for walls
Carpets for added insulation
Glazing
Double pane glazing to retain heat
Conveying
Pneumatic vs. hydraulic elevator

56. A-E-C Interactions

57. A-E Interaction: Cantilever System, Part 1
Architectural
proposal
Engineering
rationale
Solution

58. Preliminary Engineering
A-E Interaction: Cantilever System, Part 2
Architectural
Requirements
+ Mentor Feedback
Preliminary Engineering
Proposal
Final Solution

59. A-C Interaction: Auditorium
Can we afford to lower the Auditorium?
Problem: Cost increase of earthworks by 17%
Solution: Use a site that naturally slopes and create a building that follows it.

60. Preliminary Engineering
E-C Interaction: From Frame System to Flat Slab
Construction Requirements
+ Mentor Feedback
Preliminary Engineering
Proposal
Final Solution

61. Pre-cast vs Cast in-situ
E-C Interaction:
Pre-cast vs Cast in-situ
Not dependent on weather
Minimum erection time
More expensive
Transportation problems
Last moment alterations possible
Productivity rate can be fast
Labor intensive

62. Lessons Learned

63. Lessons Learned
Applying theory into practice
Iteration, iteration, iteration…
Negotiation is key
When technology doesn’t work it’s not the end of the world.
Adapt technology to suit your needs and conditions

64. Lessons Learned
Distance is not a barrier
No one is ever “always right”
Ideas often come from outside your discipline
Mentor feedback is crucial
Trust your teammates

65. got questions?