1. The Beginning of Industrialization

2. The Agricultural Revolution
The Agricultural Revolution help spur the Industrial Revolution
Wealthy landowners bought up a ton of land/large fields called Enclosures in the early 1700’s
The needed a efficient and productive ways to cultivate their large fields

3. Agricultural Revolution
England

4. The Industrial Revolution begins in England
Industrialization – the process of developing machine production of goods.
Which requires large populations and natural resources, both of which England has

5. Industrial Revolution

6. Economic Strength and Political Stability
Britain had an expanding economy to support industrialization
Businessmen to invest in manufacture of new inventions
Highly developed banking system
Britain’s political stability gave the country a tremendous advantage over its neighbors

7. Factors of Production Land Labor Capital
Resources needed to produce goods and services needed by the Industrial Revolution
Land
Labor
Capital

8. Factors of Production

9. Industrial Inventions
By 1800 several inventions modernized the cotton industry
John Kay – Flying Shuttle 1733
James Hargreavers – Spinning Jenny 1764
Samuel Compton - Spinning Mule 1779

10. Before the Industrial Revolution:
Women would weave textiles at home

11. John Kay – Flying Shuttle

12. Hargreaves – Spinning Jenny

13. Richard Arkwright Steam power

14. Samuel Crompton Spinning Mule

15. Textile Factories
Wealthy textile merchants set up the machines in large buildings called Factories
Progress in the textile industry spurred other improvements
The invention of the Steam Engine stemmed from the need for cheap convenient source of power

16. Textile Factories

17. James Watt’s – 1774 Steam Engine

18. Water Transportation Steam could also be used to propel boats
An American Named Robert Fulton invented the steam boat

19. Robert Fulton – Steamboat

20. Road Transportation British Roads Improved because of John McAdams
Used large stones for drainage and crushed rocks to go on top.
The Railroad locomotive – a steam engine on wheels
Richard Trevithick first to build a steam locomotive that worked
George Stephenson built the worlds first railroad line

21. John McAdam - Roadways

22. First Railroad Locomotive
Richard Trevithick
First Railroad Locomotive

23. George Stephenson – Railroad line

24. Industrialization Changes Ways of Life

25. Industrial Revolution – Good and Bad
The Industrial Revolution eventually led to a better quality of life for most people
It also caused immense human suffering as well - it was a mixed blessing

26. Growth of the Industrial City
For centuries most Europeans had lived in rural areas
The growth of the factory system – manufacturing goods in a central location – brought waves of jobseekers to cities and towns

27. Urbanization
Urbanization – city building and the movement of people to cities

28. Living Conditions What? Why?
Poor housing conditions, bad education and police protection for all the new people in the cities
Why?
No plans, no sanitary codes and no building codes controlled the growth of England’s cities

29. Living Conditions

30. Workers lived in dark, dirty shelters, whole families crowded in one bedroom

31. Working Conditions What? Why?
The average worker spent 14 hours a day at the job – 6 days a week
Machines injured workers in many ways
boilers may explode burning workers, limbs might get caught in machines, pour air quality affected breathing and lungs
Why?
There were no unions, health inspectors, or regulatory codes to make sure factories weren’t being abusive to their workers.

32. Working Conditions

33. Inside a factory

34. Class Tensions Not everyone in the cities lived miserably
Rich merchants and factory owners built nice homes in the suburbs
Most of the wealth from the Industrial Revolution went into the pockets of factory owners, shippers, and merchants

35. Middle Class Emerges
A new social class emerged during this time period Middle Class – A social class of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople and wealthy farmers
The new middle class transformed the social structure of Great Britain

36. Wealthy factory owner observing a Worker

37. Middle Class divides What? Why? A new larger middle
class is created
Upper Middle Class - doctors, lawyers, and managers of factories,
Lower Middle Class - factory overseers and skilled workers
Why?
New opportunities are created by the industrial revolution.
The concepts of Capitalism and Laissez-Faire allow for people to gain wealth without government interference

38. Positive Effects It created jobs for workers
increased production of goods
raised the standard of living
It provided the opportunity for improvement on peoples lives

39. Long Term Effects Consumer goods are affordable and available
Living and working conditions are much improved over the 19th century

40. Capitalism, Communism, and Reform

41. Laissez –Faire Ecomics
Enlightenment Thinker Adam Smith
Wrote the Wealth of Nations
Stated that economic liberty guaranteed economic progress – government should not interfere with the economy

42. Capitalism -
An economic system in which money is invested in business ventures with the goal of making a profit
helped bring about the industrial revolution
The idea of Capitalism is created by Malthus and Ricardo

43. Capitalism

44. Socialism
In contrast to laissez-faire philosophy, other theorists believed that governments should intervene
Believed that people or the government must take action to improve people’s lives

45. Philosophers divided
Laissez Faire – refers to the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference – ‘Hands off’ approach
Socialism – the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all

46. Utilitarianism John Staurt Mill - led the Utilitarian movement
Utilitarianism – people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility, or usefulness
Government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest amount of people

47. Karl Marx- Communist Manifesto

48. Karl Marx- Communist Manifesto
Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels Argue that human societies have always been divided into warring(fighting) classes
The ‘haves’ (bourgeoisie – or employers) and the ‘have-nots’ (or workers called the proletariat)
While the wealthy controlled the means of producing goods, the poor performed the backbreaking labor under terrible conditions

49. Communism
Communism – as a form of complete socialism in which the means of production – all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses would be owned by the people.
private property would cease to exist
All goods and services would be shared equally

50. Reforms

51. Unionization
To press for reforms, workers joined together in voluntary associations called unions
Unions engaged in collective bargaining
Collective Bargaining – negotiations between workers and their employers
If they could not come to an agreement workers would strike.

52. Workers Strikes

53. Abolition of Slavery Britain abolished slavery in 1833
Abolitionists had mixed motives –
some motives were moral because they thought slavery was wrong,
others stemmed from an economic point of view because their labor was cheap

54. Women Fight for Change Women led many reform issues at work
unsafe working conditions and equal pay rates
After the abolition of slavery women began to want equal rights as well
Women’s rights activists sprang up all over the place

55. Reform Spread to Many Areas of Life
Reforms were made in
Public education
Free public schooling became available in the late 1800s in Europe
Prisons sought to reform prisoners to be useful after they left prison