1. Voiced sounds Which sounds are fully voiced? baby dog today egg
English uses fully voiced stops word medially, but not initially or finally
Practice fully voiced stops

2. (Catford figure 13)

3. Implosives The opposite of ejectives Examples
Uses glottalic ingressive initiation
But glottis is slightly open and vocal folds are vibrating
Examples
Igbo

4. Implosives
(Catford figure 15)

5. plosive
implosive
(Catford figure 16)

6. Phonation In order of glottal closure, starting with the most open:
Voiceless
Vocal folds apart and not vibrating
Breathy voice (or murmur)
Voiced
Vocal folds close together and vibrating
Creaky

7. In order of glottal closure
(Aronoff 1997)

8. Phonation Breathy Creaky
Vocal folds apart, but still vibrating (“flapping in the breeze”)
Example: Hindi
Creaky
Vocal folds together, except for at the front of the larynx
Example: Mazatec, English

9. Other types we won’t cover
Harsh voice
example
Tense voice
Falsetto

10. Phonation (in terms of type)
Phonated
Voiceless (nil)
Voiced
Implosives
Breathy
Creaky
Unphonated
Ejectives
Glottis is closed
Clicks
No air flow through glottis
Glottal stop

11. Phonation (in terms of initiation)
Phonated
Pulmonic
Ingressive
Egressive
Except glottal stop
Glottalic
Unphonated
Velaric
Ingressive
Egressive
Glottalic