1. ATMOSPHERIC
ENERGY

2. Amazing Energy Facts To Blow Your Mind

4. What is energy? Energy – the ability to do work or cause change
Energy is constantly being
transferred in our
atmosphere

5. What are two types of energy?
Kinetic Energy – energy of motion
Potential Energy - stored energy (energy of position)

6. Measures the Kinetic Energy of a substance
Temperature
                           
        
What does Temp. measure?
Measures the Kinetic Energy of a substance

7. Turn to page 13 in your ESRT’s

9. What provides our atmosphere with energy?
INSOLATION
What provides our atmosphere with energy?

11. INcoming SOLar radiATION
Sun’s energy received by Earth
Higher angle = more direct
Lower angle = less direct

12. Where is INSOLATION?

13. Factors Affecting Insolation:
Angle – 90o angle has the greatest intensity of energy
Describe what happens to intensity as we go from sunrise to sunset during one day.

14. Duration – length of time insolation is received each day

15. Solids Liquids Gases PHASES OF MATTER
DESCRIBE THE SPACING AND ENERGY OF MOLECULES IN THE THREE PHASES OF MATTER
Solids
Liquids
Gases

16. What two phases do you see?
SOLID
What causes this change?
LIQUID

17. Why is this snowman melting???

18. Why is the water evaporating?

19. What causes this condensation on the glass?

20. A phase change is caused by……
a transfer of energy (heat).
GAIN
GAIN
LOSS
LOSS

21. The two types of Vaporization are: Boiling and Evaporation
G A S
The two types of Vaporization are: Boiling and Evaporation
VAPORIZATION
CONDENSATION
DEPOSITION
Boiling occurs within the substance being heated at 100 degrees C
LIQUID
SUBLIMATION
FREEZING
MELTING
Evaporation occurs at the EXPOSED SURFACE of the liquid and is much slower
SOLID

22.                                                
. A sample of water undergoes the phase changes from ice through vapor and back to ice as shown in the model below. During which phase change does the sample gain the greatest amount of energy?

23. HEATING CURVE OF WATER

24. Heating Curve of Water Horizontal lines represent PHASE CHANGES LIQUID
VAPORIZATION
WATER
VAPOR
100
Temp. oC
CONDENSATION
Horizontal lines represent PHASE CHANGES
LIQUID
WATER
Melt
ICE
Freeze
HEAT ENERGY ADDED

25. What is Latent Heat ?
The heat that flows to or from a material without a change in temperature.

26. The heat will only change the phase of the material. (ex
The heat will only change the phase of the material. (ex. melting or boiling)
Energy used to break or create molecular bonds

27. Why is it hidden?
We see no change in temperature, even though energy is still being transferred
This is a form of potential energy

28. If energy is absorbed , it is called endothermic
If energy is released, we say it is exothermic

29. Reference Tables – pg. 1 Properties of Water (No need to write this!)
Energy GAINED during MELTING………………….334 J/g
Energy RELEASED during FREEZING……………. 334 J/g

30. Energy GAINED during VAPORIZATION……2260 J/g
Energy RELEASED during CONDENSATION… J/g

31. Terms to Know:
Heat of Fusion: 334 J/g
Solids to liquids
Liquids to solids

32. Heat of Vaporization: 2260 J/g
Liquids to gas
Gas to liquids

33. SPECIFIC HEAT

34. HEY……. IT’S JUNE 21, BUT THE WATER IS COLD!!!!!!!
WHAT GIVES?????

35. What is Specific Heat?
How fast a substance heats up and cools down
The JOULES (NRG) required to heat 1 gram of a substance by 1o Celsius

36. The higher the number, the longer it takes to heat up and cool down.
The lower the number, the faster it will heat up and cool down.

38. Specific Heats of Common Materials
Which substance has the highest specific heat?
Which substance has the lowest?
Which one will heat up and cool down fastest?

39. So, how does this relate to the Earth?
The crust of our planet is made up of 2 kinds of rock: Basalt and Granite.
These rocks have low specific heat, and therefore heat up fast, and cool off fast.

40. Land heats up faster during the day

41. Water heats up very slowly due to its HIGH specific heat.
This is why the sand feels so hot in the day time, while the water still feels cold.
What will the water feel like later during the day??

42. Therefore:
Coastal cities have small temperature ranges
Deserts have extreme temperature ranges
This is both daily and yearly

43. The water is a heat sink for the air.
The diagram represents a closed energy system consisting of air and equal masses of copper, granite, and water in a perfectly insulated container. The temperatures were taken at the time the materials were placed inside the closed system.
                                                
In this system, which material is a heat sink for another material?
The water is a heat sink for the air.
The copper is a heat sink for the granite.
The granite is a heat sink for the water.
The copper is a heat sink for the air.

44. Types of energy transfer

45. Which example of heat transfer is due mainly to convection?
Heat energy transferred by air moving from the Earth's surface to the upper atmosphere
Heat energy transferred by being reflected from a lake surface to the air above
Heat energy transferred through a solid metal door
Heat energy transferred from the Sun to the Earth

46. CONDUCTION Energy transfer by direct molecular contact
Most common through a solid object
Can occur when a solid object TOUCHES the molecules of another solid, liquid (Metal bar in water) or gas

47. Energy is transferred from hot (high kinetic) to cold (high potential) substances
Rate of transfer is greatest with a larger difference in temperatures

49. Convection Transfer of heat through fluids (liquids, gases and magma)
Results from differences in density within the fluids

50. The differences in density could be caused by changes in both temperature and/or pressure

51. Ex: warm air rises, cool air sinks
Creates a CONVECTION CELL

52. Example of Convection Cell

53. Convection within a liquid

54. Radiation

55. Prove this statement: Infrared radiation is weaker than visible light.

57. Radiation
Maximum Energy from the Sun is in the form of Visible Light (Short waves)

58. Maximum Energy RE-RADIATED from the Earth is in the form of Infrared (longer waves)

59. 1 3 1 2 3

60. Black and rough absorbs the best
If it is a good absorber….it is a good radiator (re-radiation)

61. White (shiny) and smooth is the best reflector
Energy absorbed and released by the Earth is called terrestrial radiation

62. DAILY TEMPERATURE LAG
Highest daily temp’s usually occur a few hours after noon.
Earth requires time to heat up and re-radiate energy

63. SEASONAL TEMP. LAG
Highest seasonal and lowest seasonal temp’s usually occur a month or more after the solstices.
Again…Earth requires time to heat up and cool down

64. The longest lag times are usually found near large bodies of water……..
WHY?????

65. 1 3 1 2 3

66. Does all of the Sun’s energy reach Earth???

67. What could block(scatter and reflect) or absorb it?
Aerosols and dust in the atmosphere
Water vapor and CO2
Volcanic ash

68. The Ozone Layer Protects us from UV radiation

69. What is the Greenhouse Effect?

70. Gases in the atmosphere (carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrous oxide, and methane) trap energy from the sun.

71. Without these gases, heat would escape back into space and Earth’s average temperature would be colder.

72. Longer, re-radiated waves are trapped inside

73. So…how does all this affect us?
The combination of Radiation, Conduction and Convection keep our atmosphere moving

74. Long term and short term?
Weather – SHORT-term condition of the atmosphere
Climate – LONG-term condition

75. World Climate Map