1. Why do you think the Earth is called “Dynamic”
The Dynamic Earth
Why do you think the Earth is called “Dynamic”

2. Earth as a System Made of 4 parts: Geosphere (rock) Atmosphere (air)
Hydrosphere (water)
Biosphere (living parts)

3. The Geosphere The solid part of Earth’s surface
Includes rock, soil and sediment
Most is located in Earth’s interior

4. Earth’s Interior Layers are based on composition
More dense toward core.
Crust
Mantle
Core
Have been determined using seismic waves
Waves change direction and speed traveling through different materials.

5. 1. Crust Less than 1% of Earths’ mass. 5-8 km thick under the oceans
20 – 70 km thick under the continents

6. 2. Mantle 2900 km thick Makes up 64% of Earth’s mass
Made up of medium density iron rich rocks

7. 3. Core
Made of densest elements (Nickel and Iron)
Radius of 3,400 km

8. Earth’s Physical Layers
4. Lithosphere – Cool, rigid layer at the top
Includes the crust and top of mantle
Divided into tectonic plates
km thick
5. Asthenosphere –
Made of rock that flows slowly
Allows plates to move on top of it
250 km thick

10. Earth’s Structure Cont’d
6. Mesosphere – Lower part of the mantle
- 2,550 km thick
7. Outer Core – Dense Liquid Iron and Nickel
- 2,200 km thick
8. Inner Core – Solid Iron and Nickel
4,000 to 5,000 °C
Solid due to pressure

11. Label Earth’s Layers to scale – 1000 km = 1 cm
Based on Composition
Based on Physical Properties
Crust (5-70 km thick)
Mantle ( 2900 km thick)
Core (3,428 km radius)
Lithosphere (15 – 300 km thick)
Asthenosphere (250 km thick)
Mesosphere (2550 km thick)
Outer Core (2200 km thick)
Inner Core (1,228 km radius)

12. Do Now Go to b.socrative.com and enter room 407407
This is a review of the Earth’s Layers.

13. Plate Tectonics Pieces that the lithosphere is divided into
Glide across the asthenosphere
Most of the geologic activity occurs at plate boundaries

14. Types of Plate Collisions
Divergent boundaries -- where new crust is generated as the plates pull away from each other. Ex. Mid Atlantic Ridge, Iceland

15. Plate Boundaries Cont.
Convergent boundaries -- where crust is destroyed as one plate dives under another.
Oceanic-Continental Convergence
Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence
Continental-Continental Convergence

16. Transform boundaries -- where crust is neither produced nor destroyed as the plates slide horizontally past each other.
Plate boundary zones -- broad belts in which boundaries are not well defined and the effects of plate interaction are unclear

17. Earthquakes
Fault – break in the earth’s crust where blocks of the crust slide against one another
Earthquakes are vibrations of the Earth’s crust
Richter Scale – quantifies the amount of energy given off by an Earthquake in magnitude
2.0 is the smallest that can be felt
9.5 is the largest magnitude

18. Where do Earthquakes Occur?
Most frequently along fault lines.
Plate Activities
Where are the plates?
Moving plate activity
Map of Earthquakes

19. Warm-up
With your table partner on a piece of notebook paper, create 3 multiple choice questions about plate tectonics.
***Put a star beside the correct answer.

20. The Atmosphere

21. Atmosphere The mixture of gases that surround the Earth
Constantly changes as gases are added and removed.
Examples: Animals remove oxygen when they breathe in and add carbon dioxide when they breathe out.
Volcanoes add gases
Vehicles add gases

22. Composition of the Atmosphere

23. Layers of the Atmosphere
Divided into 4 layers
Based on temp changes
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

24. Troposphere Nearest the earth’s surface
Up to 18 km above Earth’s surface
Most dense
Almost all weather occurs in this layer
Temp decreases as altitude increases

25. Stratosphere From about 18 – 50 km
Temperatures rise as altitude increases
Ozone absorbs UV rays and warms the air
Reduces UV that reaches Earth

26. Mesosphere 50 – 80 km Coldest layer - 93° C
Meteors burn in this layer = “shooting stars”

27. Thermosphere Farthest from Earth’s surface
N and O absorb solar radiation – temps up to 2000 ° C
Wouldn’t feel hot b/c the air is so thin that the particles rarely collide to transfer energy

28. Ionosphere
N and O form the lower level of the thermosphere + absorb X-rays and gamma rays
Atoms become electrically charged (ions)
Ions radiate energy as light – aurora borealis (Northern or Southern Lights)

29. Greenhouse Effect Gases in the atmosphere trap heat near the earth.
None of the gases that trap heat have a high concentration in the atmosphere.
Most abundant: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide
Like a car in the sun.

30. Hydrosphere and Biosphere

31. Hydrosphere and Water Cycle
Hydrosphere – all the water on or near the Earth’s surface
97% Salt Water – Covers 70% of Earth
3% Fresh Water

32. Water Cycle

33. Earth’s Oceans All the oceans are joined – World Ocean
Largest ocean – Pacific
165,640,000 km2 surface area
4,280 km deep
Deepest point – Challenger Deep – 11,033m below sea level
Deeper than Mt. Everest is tall

34. Hydrothermal Vents
Openings on the sea floor where super-hot, mineral-rich waters stream into the ocean.
Form where tectonic plates are separating and where deep fractures are opening up in the Earth’s crust

35. Dissolved Solids in the Ocean
Salinity - measure of salts dissolved in water

36. Temperature Zones Surface Zone is warmed by the sun
Thermocline (middle layer) temp drops
Deep Zone is almost freezing

37. Global Temperature Regulator
One of the Ocean’s most important functions – absorb and store sun’s energy
Absorbs over half of the solar radiation
Absorbs and releases heat slower than land
This regulates Earth’s atmospheric temps
Local temperatures are also regulated
Ex: British Isles warmed by the Gulf Stream
Source: NASA

38. Ocean Currents
Stream-like movements of water that occur at or near the surface of the ocean are called surface currents.
Wind driven and result from global wind patterns
Warm or Cold Water Currents
Don’t mix
Ex: Gulf Stream can flow hundreds of miles and not lose heat

39. Ocean Currents

40. Fresh Water 3% Most in ice caps and glaciers
Ex: Ice sheet in Antarctica is as big as US and up to 3 km thick
Lakes, rivers, wetlands, soil, rock layers, and atmosphere

41. River System
Network of streams that drains an area of land – includes the land
Tributaries are small streams that flow into a larger river.
Ex: Mississippi River Basin

42. Groundwater Most precipitation sinks into the land and collects
Fulfills human needs for drinking water, agriculture and industry.
Less than 1% on Earth
Aquifer – Rock layer that stores and allows the flow of ground water.

43. Biosphere Narrow layer of Earth that can support life
Near surface because of sunlight
Plants on land
Algae in oceans - phytoplankton

44. Energy Flow Energy constantly added to biosphere, but matter is not.
Closed system – energy enters, matter does not
Sunlight plants  animals  decomposers
Open system – both matter and energy are exchanged between a system and the surrounding environment.
Happened through comets and meteorites