1. Explanation
NS1300
Dr. Brad Hoge

2. Natural Phenomena Observations of Nature The Need for Explanation
Mythology
Experience
Metaphysics

3. Ancient Civilizations
Mesopotamia
Babylonian Astronomy
Egypt
India
China
Mesoamerica
Maya
Toltec
Aztec Astronomy
Druid Astronomy
Hindu Astronomy
Tibetan Astronomy

4. Early Philosophers Greek Philosophers The Ontologists (Materialism)
Socrates
Socratic Method
Theory of Forms
Plato
Platonic Realism
Idealism
Aristotle
Empiricism

5. Eastern Philosophy
Eastern philosophy includes the various philosophies of Asia
Indian philosophy
Chinese philosophy
Iranian philosophy
Japanese philosophy
Korean philosophy
Arab philosophy
Jewish philosophy
Synthesis of Eastern and Western Philosophy

6. East and Middle East Philosophers
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen)
phenomenology and the philosophy of science
Al-Jahiz
evolution and natural selection
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
Inductivism
Al Biruni
early scientific method
Avicenna
early philosophy of science
Shen Kuo

7. Scientific Reasoning
Before the development of modern science, scientific questions were addressed as a part of metaphysics known as "natural philosophy“
The term "science" itself meant "knowledge" of epistemological origin
The scientific method made natural philosophy an empirical and experimental activity unlike the rest of philosophy
By the end of the eighteenth century it had begun to be called "science" to distinguish it from philosophy

8. The Enlightenment Was not a single movement or school of thought
Less a set of ideas than it was a set of values
A critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and morals
A strong belief in rationality and science.

9. Philosophy of Science Descartes Bacon Popper Kuhn
Observation, hypothesis, experimentation
Popper
prediction from theory
Falsifiability
Kuhn

10. Scientific Method
Hypothetico-Deductive Model

11. Explanation Logic Cause and Effect Levels of Understanding Tautology
Reductionism

12. Emergence of Modern Science
Galileo
Newton
Boyle
Darwin
Einstein

13. The Keys to Science Falsifiability Inquiry Inductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
Controlled Experimentation

14. Quiz 1. T or F, Ibn al-Haytham was one of the earliest scientists.
2. T or F, falsifiability is a key to the scientific method.
3. T or F, there are more than one way to do science.
4. T or F, causes always precede effects.
5. T or F, the scientific method began with Francis Bacon.