1. The Fascinating Fungi

2. The Witches Curse
Scholars and historians have struggled as well to explain the madness that overtook Salem. Was it sexual repression, dietary deficiency, mass hysteria? Or, could a simple fungus have been to blame?

3. Characteristics Are eukaryotic and have cell walls made of chitin
Are heterotrophic and digest food outside of their bodies using digestive enzymes and absorbing their nutrients.
Some live on dead things and are saprophytic and some are parasitic.
All are multicellular except for the yeast.

4. Structure
Composed of tiny filaments called hyphae which may or may not have crosswalls or septa.

5. Septum
Septate Hyphae
No crosswalls
Coenocytic

6. Their cells may contain one or two nuclei
Their cells may contain one or two nuclei. Those containing two nuclei are called a dikaryon. These two nuclei resulted form the fusion of the hyphae.

7. Fungal bodies are typically made of many tangled hyphae called a mycelium which increases the surface area for absorbing water and food.

8. Many times, the fungi you see are the fruiting bodies resulting from sexual reproduction with most of the fungal body remaining underground or hidden.

9. Reproduction in the Fungi
Fungi reproduce asexually by producing spores at the tips of stalks or in the case of yeast, by budding or binary fission.

10. They reproduce sexually by the fusion of hyphae of two different mating types indicated by + and -. Once the zygote is formed, it immediately undergoes meiosis to form four haploid spores.
The fungi body is generally made entirely of haploid cells.

12. Fungi are grouped by their storage of sexually reproduced spores
Zygomycota - zygosporangium
Basidiomycota - clubs (basidia)
Ascomycota - sacs (asci)
“Mycota” – refers to fungi
“Mycete” - refers to a member of
the group.

13. Spores produced by fungi either sexually or asexually are haploid (1n).

14. Zygomycota- Zygote Fungi Common Molds including Bread Mold

15. Asexual Reproduction
Sporangia
Sporangiophore
Stolons
rhizoids

16. Sexual Reproduction + -
Fusion of hyphae to
make a zygospore -
Zygospores have tough coverings and can withstand harsh conditions.

17. The zygospore is 2n.

18. When conditions are right, the zygospore germinates to form a sporangium with spores that were produced by meiosis.
sporangium

19. BASIDIOMYCOTA Club Fungi

20. Mushrooms
Puffballs
Bracket Fungi

23. Spores are formed in the gills.
The mushroom
is a fruiting body.

24. Sexual reproduction in the basidiomycota.
Basidia with
basidiospores.

26. Fungal Spore Print

27. Fairy Ring

28. Stay away from this guy!

29. The most deadly mushroom in the Eastern US

30. Ascomycota Cup/Sac Fungi

31. Includes yeast, Penicillium, morels, and truffles truffles Penicillium

32. Truffles Trade?

33. Life cycle of an ascomycete
Meiosis to produce
spores
Fusion of hyphae

34. Ascus with ascospores
The ascus is a
sac, hence name
Sac Fungi.

35. This is a cross-section of a fruiting body of a sac fungi.

36. ascus with
ascospores

37. Asexual Reproduction in ascomycetes
Conidia –
(spores)

38. Asexual stage of Penicillium
Conidia

39. The yeast are included in the ascomycota.
unicellular and
reproduce
asexually by
budding and
binary fission.

40. Primitive Fungi
Another groups of fungi exist, the chytrids. They are small, aquatic forms with flagellated spores, a unique feature in this group.

41. In Summary…

42. How are fungi spread?
Wind
Water
Animals
Active ejection

43. Importances of the Fungi
Decomposers, recyclers
Cause diseases
plants – corn smuts, wheat rust, mildews
humans – athlete’s foot, ringworm, yeast
infections
Commercial uses – fermentation processes (yeast), food, antibiotics, cheese
Symbiotic relationships – lichens and mycorrhizae

44. Antibiotics from Fungi

45. The first antibiotic
Alexander Fleming discovered the antibiotic penicillin from the penicillium mold in It was an accidental discovery.
mold: Penicillium -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
2nd program

46. Cheese flavored by fungi
Fungi from the Sac Fungi
flavor cheese

47. Fermentation
Yeast make CO2 and alcohol from glucose.

49. WHAT DISEASES DO FUNGI CAUSE?

50. How do fungi cause disease?
Toxins
Allergies
Destroying tissue/infections

51. RINGWORM

52. Yeast Infection - Thrush

53. Toenail Fungus

54. Wheat Rust Fungus

55. Athlete’s Foot Fungus

56. Powdery Mildew on Roses

57. Rust on a Hawthorne Tree

58. Ergot fungus on rye grains

59. Lichens
Mutualism between a fungi and a photosynthetic partner (green algae or cyanobacteria)
Lichens are pioneer organisms in that they are often the first to colonize rocks and soil.

60. Cross-section of a lichen
Algae cells
Provide food
Fungal
Hyphae
Provide water
and minerals

61. Types of Lichens Fructicose – grow upright Foliose- Crustose- leafy
flat

62. Mycorrhizae – mutualism between fungi (increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals)and plant roots (food)

63. What is this?

64. Fungi growing on a human eyelash !