1. Psychodynamic 2

2. Seating plan Lauren Joe Harry F Fran Jess Olivia C Martha Lily Alice D
Tammy
Vicki
Jamie
Annabel B
Sophie
Abi
Maisie C
Martha
Lily
Alice D
Zoe
Cerys
Nat
Ilyana E
Lauren
Joe
Harry F
Fran
Jess
Olivia

3. Seating plan Joanna Sophie C Denisa F Hannah Ella C Tyler Alex
Sam
Emily G
Becca B
Toby
Holly
Frances C
Tyler
Alex
Sophie R D
Paulina
Abi
Emily K E
Joanna
Sophie C
Denisa F
Hannah
Ella

4. Starter Unconscious mind Tripartite personality Id/pleasure principle
Ego/reality principle
Superego/ morality principle
Psychosexual stages
Oedipus complex
Defence mechanisms
Repression
Denial
Displacement

5. Objectives To be able to… evaluate the psychodynamic approach
apply issues and debates such as determinism, reductionism and psychology as a science to the psychodynamic approach.
answer exam type questions on the Psychodynamic approach.
compare this approach to other approaches.
Outline the main assumptions of the humanistic approach

6. Biopsychology exam: re-sits
Wednesday 8th ( )
Friday 10th ( )

7. Evaluation of the psychodynamic theory

8. Peel paragraphs
Write up two full PEEL points for the Psychodynamic Approach
A strength and Weakness would be necessary
One of each = D/C
Three PEEL evaluation points = B
Three PEEL points plus Favourable or unfavourable comparisons to other approaches = B/A

9. Extension: Let’s play Devil’s Advocate…
Write a ‘However’ counter argument for each of the following strengths of the psychodynamic approach…
One strength of the psychodynamic approach is that it has explanatory power through providing explanations for a wide range of behaviours including gender, personality and abnormal development. As a result it had a great influence on Psychology in the 20th century.
One major contribution that the psychodynamic approach has made to psychology is through the introduction of therapies used to access the unconscious. Psychoanalysis, dream analysis and free association are all used to find and treat unconscious conflicts. These are useful practical applications of the approach.
Freud provided evidence for concepts through the use of detailed case studies. For example he used Little Hans to prove the existence of the Oedipus complex. He conducted observations and recorded them accurately, producing rich, detailed and externally valid data to support the psychodynamic assumptions.
HOWEVER…
HOWEVER….
In pairs – each have one OR all look at all 3 points.
Explanatory Power
Case Study method
Untestable concepts
Psychic Determinism
Practical Application
Make your ‘However’ points effective by referring to evidence or using point, evidence, explain…

10. Exam focus: Demonstrate
Researchers have examined repression by using longitudinal studies to revisit people who have had trauma in their childhoods to see if they have memory for that event.
Outline one ethical and one methodological issue raised in this study? Refer to your knowledge about the psychodynamic approach in your answer. (6)

11. Answer – 6 marks
One ethical issues raised in this study is the fact that the researchers are asking participants to recall memories that are traumatic for them. This means they are failing to protect their participants from harm because they will experience a higher level of stress than they would normally. If the memory have been repressed then this is because they were too painful to deal with and this defence mechanism was used to protect the individual. If this procedure was carried out in a therapeutic environment then it would be acceptable but in this study the participants are not helped to resolve the issues that are raised during the study. A methodological issue of this study is you are relying on the memory of the participants. Memory can be very unreliable and asking people about traumatic events in their childhood may cause them to remember information falsely. This could lead to false memories which may cause distress to the individual and their families. The psychodynamic theory states that repressed memories are not available for conscious recollection unless through dream analysis or psychoanalysis, therefore, any memories that are recovered may not be accurate.

12. Humanistic approach ‘third force in psychology’
Lesson 3

13. Specification details
Objectives
You will be able to
Outline the main assumptions of the humanistic approach
Outline and evaluate humanistic qualitative methods
Evaluate the contribution of humanistic approach in terms of strength, limitations and practical applications.
All students should be able to explain the assumptions and methods of the humanistic approach including reference to individual/subjective experience, free will and the rejection of scientific methods.
All students should be able to outline Maslow’s theory of motivation and hierarchy of needs.
More able students should be able to discuss Maslow’s contribution to humanistic psychology.
All students should be able to describe self-actualisation and the behaviours which lead to it.
Specification details
Humanistic Psychology: free will, self-actualisation and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, focus on the self, congruence, the role of conditions of worth. The influence on counselling Psychology

14. Starter Free will Determinism
Where do the following approaches fall on the freewill vs. determinism spectrum. Justify your reason. (Cognitive, Psychodynamic, Biological, Behaviourist)
Free will
Determinism

15. Why is this important?
Cognitive, Behaviourist, Biological, Psychodynamic approach = Deterministic
Psychodynamic: early experience determines later mental health and personality.
Behaviourist: reinforcement/conditioning (environmental determinism)
Biological: ANS/genetics (biological determinism)
Cognitive: choose our own thoughts but constrained to limits of our cognitive system (soft determinism)
Behaviour is entirely or partly controlled by forces which we have no control.

16. What is free will?
Free will is the idea that we have choices in how we act.
This is the notion that humans can make choices and are not determined by biological or external forces
Humanistic psychology is quite different from the other approaches by claiming that human beings are self- determining and have free will
This does not mean that people are not affected by external or internal influences but we are active agents who have the ability to determine our own development
Active agents – ability to determine our own development.
Free will separates out what is the intention of an individual from what has been created by other causes.
This means that we are ‘self-determining’ and free from the causal influences of the past.
How far does everyone have the ability to reach their full potential, be the best they could possibly be and self actualise?

17. The Humanistic Approach
It assumes that a healthy psychological attitude is dependant on taking personal responsibility, recognising the existence of free will, and striving towards personal growth and fulfilment.
The uniqueness of human beings – (concerned with one individual).
The importance of subjective experience – human behaviour is best understood from the perspective of the individual.
Humans have free will – we have the ability to make our own choices and these are driven by the need to self-actualise.
What methods do Humanistic psychologists use?

18. Humanistic Psychologists HATE
Science!
By using science can you…
Exercise free will?
Resist the influence of overriding forces? (Determinism)
Measure viewpoints and perspectives openly and subjectively? (Science usually requires objectivity & falsification)
Study the whole person rather than a part? (Holism)
Look at unique cases rather than groups of people and establishing general laws?
Main humanist theorists reject scientific models that attempt to establish general principles of human behaviour. We are all unique – more about the subjective experience rather than general laws (person centered approach)

19. Abraham Maslow (1908 – 1970)
An American Psychologist who in developed the Hierarchy as a way for employers to get the best out of their employees by understanding their needs. But it has been adapted to explain needs in general terms. The original Hierarchy has 5 stages but has been adapted by others and we often use the 7 stage approach
The five stages and the needs are jumbled up. Can you organise the stages and needs in order of importance – Your hierarchy must be in a pyramid shape (basic needs at the bottom).

20. Motivation - Maslow
Personal growth is concerned with developing and changing as a person to become fulfilled, satisfied and goal-orientated
Not everyone will mange this, however, and there are important psychological barriers that may prevent a person from reaching their potential

21. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 7 stage model
Self-Actualisation
Personal growth , fulfilment
Aesthetic needs
Beauty, prettyness, appreciation
Cognitive needs
Able to think for ourselves, solve problems
Self-esteem needs
Achievement, status, responsibility
Belonging and love needs
Family, affection, relationships, work groups
Safety Needs
Protection, security, order, law, limits, stability
Physiological needs
Air, water, food, drink, warmth, sex, sleep

22. Carl Rogers
Carl Rogers points out that individuals strive to achieve their ideal selves because they are motivated towards self-improvement. “each client has within him or herself the vast resources for self-understanding, for altering his or her self-concept, attitudes, and self-directed behavior—and that these resources can be tapped by providing a definable climate of facilitative attitudes.” Rogers felt that Freud had dealt with the “sick half” of psychology, so the humanistic approach concerned itself with explanations of healthy growth in individuals – a positive image of the human condition

23. A sense of well-being
A healthy sense of wellbeing is established if an individual maintains a reasonable consistency between ideal self and actual self. This is known as congruence.
The greater the gap between the ideal self and the actual self, the greater the incongruence.
Incongruence can lead to low self-worth and maladjustment.
Defence mechanisms (distortion, denial, blocking) can stop the self from growing and changing, and widen the gulf between our ideal self and true self.
Central to Rogers personality theory is the notion of self or self-concept.
This is defined as ‘the organised, consistent set of perception and beliefs about oneself’.
The self is influenced by the experiences a person has in his or her life, and our interpretations of those experiences.

24. Task
You will see a table with different adjectives. 1) Pick the 10 adjectives which best describe you, then rank these in order. 2)Write these down under the title ‘Actual self’ in the correct ranking. 3)Now, pick the 10 which most describe how you would like to be, then rank these in order. 4) Write these down under the title ‘Ideal self’ in the correct ranking.

25. Out-going
Relaxed
Sad
Serious
Shy
Strong
Weak
Honest
Unhelpful
Sloppy
Introverted
Good company
Anxious
Attractive
Careless
Depressed
Dishonest
Energetic
Funny
Happy
Extroverted
Intelligent
Lazy
Optimistic
Kind
Organised

26. Calculating your congruence score

27. Your congruence score

28. Assumptions
In order to reduce the gap between the self-concept and the ideal self, Rogers developed client-centered therapy (CCT).
Conditions of worth: a parent who sets boundaries or limits on their love for their child is storing up psychological problems for that child in the future
An effective therapist is able to provide clients with the unconditional positive regard they had failed to receive as children
The whole person should be studied in their environmental context and Psychology should study the individual case (idiographic approach) rather than the average performance of groups (nomothetic)

29. Consolidation: Describe
Extension: Evaluate the humanistic approach. Compare the humanistic approach to another approach that we have looked at.
Free-will
Maslow hierarchy of needs
Focus on the self
Personal growth
Congruence
Conditions of worth

30. Exam focus(4 marks)
Self/peer assess – mark scheme flies in – question underneath.

31. Exam focus (4 marks)
Self/peer assess – mark scheme flies in – question underneath.

32. Exam focus: Apply (A02) Apply It
Joyce is a successful teacher and is well liked by her colleagues. However, Joyce has always dreamed of becoming a ballroom dancer. She spends much of her spare time with her partner practicing elaborate lifts, and can often be seen twirling around in the classroom during break times.
Joyce is considering leaving teaching and becoming a professional dancer. Her colleagues have described her plans as ‘ridiculous’, and her parents, who are very proud of the fact that their daughter is a teacher, have told Joyce that they will not talk to her again if she does. Joyce is beginning to feel sad and miserable.
Referring to features of humanistic psychology, explain how Joyce’s situation may affect her personal growth.

33. Exam focus
Referring to two assumptions of the humanistic approach, explain why humanistic psychologists have rejected the scientific method.
(Total 4 marks)
Self/peer assess

34. Up to two marks for two assumptions of the humanistic approach.
Referring to two assumptions of the humanistic approach, explain why humanistic psychologists have rejected the scientific method. (Total 4 marks)
Up to two marks for two assumptions of the humanistic approach.
Up to two marks for explaining why each assumption is at odds with the scientific method. One mark for each explanation.
Each person can exercise free will –determinism
Each person is a rational and conscious being and not dominated by unconscious primitive instincts
A person’s subjective experience and understanding of the world is of greater importance to understanding the person than objective reality
Humans should be viewed as a whole and not reduced to component parts
Humans strive towards achieving self-actualisation
Each person is unique
Self/peer assess

35. Evaluate
Evaluate the contribution of humanistic approach in terms of strength, limitations and applications
Complete the flow diagram.
What is the evaluation point
Expand on the points further

36. Task 4: Expand on the evaluation point
Evaluate the contribution of humanistic approach in terms of strength, limitations and applications
Task 4: Expand on the evaluation point
Reductionism?
Practical Application?
Culture Bias?
Testability?
Alternative Approaches?
Free-will vs. determinism
Positive approach

37. Not Reductionist
Humanists refuse to break up behaviour and experience into smaller components.
They believe to understand human behaviour fully we need to understand all elements of the persons experience (according to their own view/interpretation).
They advocate a holistic approach.
This approach has more validity than its alternatives as it considers human behaviour as meaningful within its real life context.

38. Application
The humanistic approach’s primary application has been to therapeutic treatment.
Client-centered therapy (CCT), whereby the client is encouraged to develop positive self-regard and overcome the mismatch between their perceived self, true self and ideal self.
Gestalt therapy - the aim is to help the client become a ‘whole’ (gestalt) person by getting them to accept every aspect of themselves. Techniques of gestalt therapy include confrontation, dream analysis, and role playing.

39. Limited Application
The humanistic approach is unlike any of the other mainstream approaches that we have covered so far.
It has had an impact on counselling and helping it develop further as a field.
HOWEVER, the humanistic approach has had little to no influence on psychology as an overall discipline.
This could be due to the Humanistic approach lacking in empirical evidence, which means it can often be seen as abstract rather than a comprehensive theory.

40. Limited Application Hierarchy of needs – influential.
However, it is criticised as being culture-specific (individualistic vs. collectivist cultires)

41. Positive Approach
Humanistic psychologists are praised for bringing the person back into psychology – as often other approaches have negative views on the person (Freud e.g. a person is a slave of their past and claimed all of us existed between common unhappiness and absolute despair).
Humanistic psychologists offer a refreshing and optimistic alternative to these views and sees a person as basically good, free to work towards the achievement of their potential and in control of their lives.

42. Untestable Concepts
Humanistic psychology does include a number of vague ideas that are abstract and difficult to test.
Concepts such as self-actualisation and congruence may be useful therapeutic tools but would prove problematic to assess under experimental conditions.
Rogers did attempt to introduce more rigour into his work by developing the Q-sort in therapy. However humanists do not see this as an issue as they do not feel measurement is appropriate.
Nevertheless, as would be expected of an approach that describes itself as anti-scientific, humanistic psychology is short on empirical evidence to support its claims.
This can be seen as a strength of the approach – rejects the scientific measurement does not try to be objective.

43. Cultural Bias
The ideas promoted by the Humanistic approach can arguably only be seen within individualist cultures ( E.g. USA).
Whilst collectivist cultures offer an alternative emphasis on the individual ( interdependency etc.) therefore it would not fit in the humanist values
Therefore, we are able to draw the conclusion that this approach would not travel well and is a product of the cultural content it is based on.

44. 16 mark exam questions Discuss the ………approach
Compare and contrast ……… and ……… approach
Discuss and apply to the stem
Discuss the contribution of…..in explaining human behaviour

45. Compare and Contrast Essays
The compare and contrast essays rely on you having a clear knowledge on the fundamental elements of each approach.
What you can identify are similarities and differences between each approach ..
A common Problem is: you fail to gain marks in the exam because when asked to ‘refer to another theory/approach’ you simply describe a different one without making comparisons or contrasts.
Solution: structure your comparisons around key debates and research methods. Use these as the basis for pointing out similarities and differences between theories and approaches.

46. Pattern to use to structure your answer.
1.Write a sentence explaining how the theories/approaches are similar /different.
2. Add a further sentence or two explaining the similarity or difference by pointing out the features of each theory/approach that relate to the difference/similarity you are discussing.
3. Write a further sentence or two explaining a consequence or implication of the similarity/difference.
4. If appropriate, identify a difference/similarity that relates to the one you have discussed but which contrasts with it (i.e. a similarity within a difference or a difference within a similarity).

47. Example
One similarity between the biological and behaviour is that they both use nonhuman animals in their research. (1) For example, behaviourists used rats in Skinner boxes to investigate operant conditioning and bio psychologists did neurosurgical studies on many species to discover how the nervous system works. (2) The approaches use animal subjects in different ways, however. Behaviourists focus on how the animal responds to changes in its external environment whereas bio psychologists focus on how it responds to changes in its internal structure. (4) In either case a consequence of this is that critics have attacked both approaches on ethical grounds and because the findings they produce may not generalise to humans. (3)

48. Humanistic Approach
Exam focus
It has been claimed that the humanistic approach has little to offer psychology. Outline and evaluate the humanistic approach in psychology. Refer to at least one other approach in your answer.
(Total 16 marks)

49. Do you think psychology is a science?
Plenary
Do you think psychology is a science?

50. Literacy Research Memory Skill Practice Stretch!
Create a glossary of key terms of the humanistic approach.
Create an acronym for Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
Literacy
Research
Memory
Research the many practical applications of the Humanistic approach – including both Rogers and Maslow’s theories.
Explain how each theory is used in real life.
In your research consider different walks of life, e.g. employment, therapy, training…
Recall 5 key assumptions of the Humanistic approach and summarise them in 5 bullet-points.
Skill Practice
Stretch!
Humanistic approach and issues and debates.
Apply each of the issues and debates to the humanistic approach by explaining a link between them!
Turn your links into evaluation points, writing them in Point – Explain – Link (back to the Humanistic approach) form.
Compare the Psychodynamic and Humanistic approach in terms of similarities and differences.
Watch the following clip of Roger’s theory of the self.
Note down any new key concepts introduced.
Explain them in detailed form.

51. Linked to economic development
Hagerty (1999) looked at the relationship between economic growth and measures of Maslow’s need levels in 88 countries over a 34-year period.
He found that countries in the early stages of economic development were characterised by lower level needs whereas only in the advanced stages of economic development

52. Conditions of worth
Harter et al (1996) found that teenagers who feel that they have to fulfil certain conditions in order to gain their parents approval frequently end up not liking themselves. The researchers also found that those who create a false self are more likely to develop depression and a tendency to lose touch with their true self.

53. Unrealistic
It represents an overly idealistic and unrealistic view of human nature. It could be argued that people are not as inherently good and growth orientated as humanistic theorists propose. Personality development directed by our own innate potential for growth is seen as an oversimplification.

54. Exam focus
Outline one or more differences between the psychodynamic and humanistic approach (4)

55. Exam focus
A major difference between the humanistic and psychodynamic approach is the outlook on human behaviour. The psychodynamic approach has a very negative outlook on the development of individuals. It tends to focus on the need to fulfil desires and focuses on how conflicts during development can cause problems as an adult. This is in direct contrast to the more positive outlook that humanistic psychologist have on human behaviour. Their focus is on people being essentially god and striving to be the best they possibly can be.
A further difference is the fact that the psychodynamic approach is deterministic, looking at how early experience determines later mental health and personality. However, the humanistic approach believes in free will and rational choice and that people are not overly determined by factors outside of their control.
You could also bring in the role of the unconscious versus conscious experience and awareness and the difference between repressed emotions and thoughts and focus on past events vs the focus on the present and future and personal growth.