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A.P. Psychology Ms. McRoy-Mendell

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1 A.P. Psychology Ms. McRoy-Mendell
History of Psychology A.P. Psychology Ms. McRoy-Mendell

2 Aim How has the history of psychology turned it into what it is today?

3 Prescientific Psychology
John Locke Rejected Descartes’ notion of innate ideas and argued that the mind at birth is a “tabula rasa” in An Essay on Human Understanding Published A Discourse on Method which stresses importance of empiricism Francis Bacon Publishes The Proficiency and Advancement of Learning Founder of modern science, father of empiricism Plato & Socrates Believed ideas are innate Theorized the brain is the center of mental processes 387 BC 335 BC 1605AD 1637AD 1690AD Francis Bacon – recognized that humans look for and want more order than really exists and that humans tend to look for we want to see and ignore what does not conform. Empiricism: the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation. Aristotle Denied the existence of innate ideas Theorized the heart is the center of mental processes Rene Descartes Proposed mind-body interaction through “nerves” Doctrine of innate ideas however memories come from experiences

4 Margaret Floy Washburn Christine Ladd-Franklin
Roots of Psychology Charles Darwin Publishes On Origin of Species which synthesized previous work on evolution Used Herbert Spencer’s idea, “survival of the fittest” Margaret Floy Washburn First woman to receive a PhD in psychology Mary Whiton Calkins Harvard denies her a PhD Edward Titchener Introduced structuralism through self-reflective introspection G. Stanley Hall Spearheads the founding of the APA and becomes its first president G. Stanley Hall Student of Wilhelm Wundt Opens first psychology lab in U.S. at Johns Hopkins University 1859 AD 1879 AD 1883 AD 1890 AD 1892 AD 1893 AD 1894 AD Structuralism: early school of thought promoted by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener. Used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind. Functionalism: early school of thought promoted by William James and influenced by Charles Darwin. Explored how mental and behavioral processes function – how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish. Experimental Psychology: the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method. Wilhelm Wundt Establishes first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany William James Publishes The Principles of Psychology describing psychology as “the science of mental life” This book later became the foundation of functionalism Mary Whiton Calkins & Christine Ladd-Franklin First women elected to membership in the APA

5 Developments in Psychology (cont’d)
Sigmund Freud Publishes The Interpretation of Dreams his major theoretical work on psychoanalysis Wolfgang Kohler publishes Gestalt Psychology which criticizes behaviorism and outlines Gestalt position and approach. Carl Jung Expands on Freud but emphasizes the collective unconscious 1900 AD 1905 AD 1913 AD 1920 AD 1929 AD 1951 AD Psychoanalysis: rooted in the ideas that a person's development is determined by often forgotten events in early childhood besides inherited traits also that human attitude, mannerism, experience, and thought is largely influenced by irrational drives that are rooted in the unconscious Behaviorism: the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2) Carl Jung: Jung de-emphasized the importance of sexual development and focused on the collective unconscious: the part of unconscious that contains memories and ideas that he believed were inherited from ancestors. While he did think that libido was an important source for personal growth, unlike Freud, Jung did not believe that libido alone was responsible for the formation of the core personality. Wolfgang Kohler: The central principle of gestalt psychology is that the mind forms a global whole with self-organizing tendencies. This principle maintains that when the human mind (perceptual system) forms a percept or gestalt, the whole has a reality of its own, independent of the parts. Carl Rogers Publishes Client-Centered Therapy which argued that power for change lays with the individual/client Advocated for a non-judgmental and respectful approach toward patients Mary Whiton Calkins Becomes first woman president of the APA John B. Watson & Rosalie Rayner Report conditioning a fear reaction in a child, “Little Albert” Promote behaviorism

6 Developments in Psychology (cont’d)
Abraham Maslow Publishes Motivation and Personality in which he proposes a hierarchy of motives Considered a humanistic psychologist Fluoxetine (aka Prozac) Introduced as a treatment for depression Cognitive Revolution 1950 & 60’s 1952 AD 1954 AD 1961 AD 1987 AD Transition: Behaviorism eventually failed because it could not provide realistic psychology of human action and thought – it was too based in physical concepts to explain phenomena like memory and thought. This led to what is often termed as the "cognitive revolution”. Cognitive revolution: It began in the modern context of greater interdisciplinary communication and research. A key idea in cognitive psychology was that by studying and developing successful functions in artificial intelligence and computer science, it becomes possible to make testable inferences about human mental processes. This has been called the reverse-engineering approach. The cognitive revolution led to an emphasis on: Cognitive neuroscience: the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language). Humanistic Psychology: A historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people. Carl Rogers Publishes On Becoming a Person which changes practitioners’ treatment of mental health Considered a humanistic psychologist Diagnostic and Statistics Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) Published Modern classification system of mental illness

7 What do psychologists believe nowadays?
Modern Day What do psychologists believe nowadays?

8 So, what is psychology? Psychology: the science of behavior and mental processes.

9 Aim How has the history of psychology turned it into what it is today?

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