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Learning.

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Presentation on theme: "Learning."— Presentation transcript:

1 Learning

2 Operant Conditioning

3

4 Classical Conditioning Review
Reflexive responding that is largely controlled by stimuli that precede the response Missing what follows certain response--- consequences!

5 Thorndike’s Law of Effect
Instrumental learning (responses are instrumental in obtaining some desired outcome) Kitty cats! Law of Effect: if a response in the presence of a stimuli leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened

6 BF Skinner Defined “operant conditioning”
An organism “operates” on the environment instead of simply reacting to stimuli A form of learning in which responses comes to be controlled by their consequences GOVERNS VOLUNTARY RESPONSES m/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA “Haterz Gon Hate” –BF Skinner

7 Skinner’s Demonstration
Demonstrated that organisms tend to repeat those are followed by favorable responses Reinforcement- occurs when an event following a responses increases an organisms tendency to make that response Response is strengthened when it leads to rewarding consequences

8 Terminology & Procedures
“Operant Chamber”/Skinner Box- a small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled Main responses are usually pressing a small lever down

9 Skinner Box

10 Operant responses are normally VOLUNTARY and are said to be emitted rather than elicited

11 Reinforcement Contingencies
Circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers Experimenter manipulates what positive consequences occur when the animal makes the designated response Normally a small bit of food

12 Cumulative Recorder Creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement over time in a Skinner box as a function of time Response rate is a key dependent variable A slope represents the line of record of responding Rapid response rate gives steep slope, slow rate gives shallow slope

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14 Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning

15 Acquisition and Shaping
Like in classical conditioning, it refers to the initial stage of learning, however it is a little unique Skinner and his contemporaries trained animals to do a variety of things!

16 Extinction Gradual weakening and disappearance of a response tendency because the response is no longer followed by a reinforcer

17 Stimulus Control: Generalization and Discrimination
Operant conditioning is controlled by its consequences, as organisms learn response- outcome (R-O) Associations Stimuli that precede a response can also exert considerable influence over operant behavior When a response is consistently followed by a reinforcer in the presence of a particular stimulus that stimulus comes to serve as a “signal” indicating that the response is likely to lead to a reinforcer A small pigeon may only peck may be reinforced only when a light is blinking….

18 Discriminative Stimuli
Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or non-reinforcement of a response) These play an important role in regulation of operant behavior Kids ask for candy when parents are in a good mood Drivers slow when the roads are wet Asking people on dates

19 Stimulus Generalization & Stimulus Discrimination
Works like in classical conditioning Cat runs to a can opener (discriminative stimulus that it will be fed) Generalization (Blender) Discrimination (adjusting response)

20 Reinforcement: Consequences That Strengthen Responses

21 Reinforcement occurs whenever an outcome strengthens a response
The central process in reinforcement is the strengthening of a response tendency Reinforcement is defined after the fact, in terms of its effect on behavior

22 Primary vs Secondary Primary reinforcers- inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs Food, water, sex, and warmth Secondary/conditioned reinforcers-acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers Good grades, money, attention, flattery, praise, applause

23 Schedules of Reinforcement

24 Schedule of Reinforcement
Determines which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer Continuous Reinforcement- occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced Intermittent/Partial Reinforcement- occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time More effective/resistant to extinction

25 Types of Intermittent Schedules

26 Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR)
Reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced respones Reward every 10th lever push Bonus every 10 magazines sold

27 Variable Ratio (VR) Reinforcer is given after a variable number of non-reinforced responses Rat rewarded on average every ten times Casino- averages/variations

28 Fixed Interval Schedule (FI)
First response is rewarded after a fixed time interval has elapsed First lever press after two minutes Washer/dryer

29 Variable Interval Schedule (VI)
Reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed Rewarded after lever press after 1 minute, then 2, then 3, etc Person dialing a busy phone

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31 Positive vs Negative Reinforcement

32 Positive Reinforcement
Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus Good grades, tasty meals, nice clothes, etc

33 Negative Reinforcement
Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (negative) stimulus Strengthens a response tendency Removing a buzzing noise

34 Escape Learning Organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation Leave a party you were being picked on at

35 Avoidance Learning Organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occuring

36 Punishment

37 Punishment Occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response Negative reinforcement= stimulus is removed Punishment= stimulus is added

38 Positive Punishment An aversive stimulus is added to decreases the likelihood of a behavior Petting a cat, cat bites you

39 Negative Punishment An appetitive (something good) is removed to decrease the likelihood of an event Texting at dinner, phone taken away

40 Disciplinary Procedures
Not just being spanked Social punishments Eating at restaurants/bad service

41 More Effective Punishments
Applied quickly Just severe enough to be effective Consistent Explanations Noncorporal


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