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Learning
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Operant Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning Review
Reflexive responding that is largely controlled by stimuli that precede the response Missing what follows certain response--- consequences!
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Thorndike’s Law of Effect
Instrumental learning (responses are instrumental in obtaining some desired outcome) Kitty cats! Law of Effect: if a response in the presence of a stimuli leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened
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BF Skinner Defined “operant conditioning”
An organism “operates” on the environment instead of simply reacting to stimuli A form of learning in which responses comes to be controlled by their consequences GOVERNS VOLUNTARY RESPONSES m/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA “Haterz Gon Hate” –BF Skinner
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Skinner’s Demonstration
Demonstrated that organisms tend to repeat those are followed by favorable responses Reinforcement- occurs when an event following a responses increases an organisms tendency to make that response Response is strengthened when it leads to rewarding consequences
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Terminology & Procedures
“Operant Chamber”/Skinner Box- a small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled Main responses are usually pressing a small lever down
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Skinner Box
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Operant responses are normally VOLUNTARY and are said to be emitted rather than elicited
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Reinforcement Contingencies
Circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers Experimenter manipulates what positive consequences occur when the animal makes the designated response Normally a small bit of food
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Cumulative Recorder Creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement over time in a Skinner box as a function of time Response rate is a key dependent variable A slope represents the line of record of responding Rapid response rate gives steep slope, slow rate gives shallow slope
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Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning
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Acquisition and Shaping
Like in classical conditioning, it refers to the initial stage of learning, however it is a little unique Skinner and his contemporaries trained animals to do a variety of things!
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Extinction Gradual weakening and disappearance of a response tendency because the response is no longer followed by a reinforcer
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Stimulus Control: Generalization and Discrimination
Operant conditioning is controlled by its consequences, as organisms learn response- outcome (R-O) Associations Stimuli that precede a response can also exert considerable influence over operant behavior When a response is consistently followed by a reinforcer in the presence of a particular stimulus that stimulus comes to serve as a “signal” indicating that the response is likely to lead to a reinforcer A small pigeon may only peck may be reinforced only when a light is blinking….
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Discriminative Stimuli
Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or non-reinforcement of a response) These play an important role in regulation of operant behavior Kids ask for candy when parents are in a good mood Drivers slow when the roads are wet Asking people on dates
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Stimulus Generalization & Stimulus Discrimination
Works like in classical conditioning Cat runs to a can opener (discriminative stimulus that it will be fed) Generalization (Blender) Discrimination (adjusting response)
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Reinforcement: Consequences That Strengthen Responses
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Reinforcement occurs whenever an outcome strengthens a response
The central process in reinforcement is the strengthening of a response tendency Reinforcement is defined after the fact, in terms of its effect on behavior
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Primary vs Secondary Primary reinforcers- inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs Food, water, sex, and warmth Secondary/conditioned reinforcers-acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers Good grades, money, attention, flattery, praise, applause
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Schedules of Reinforcement
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Schedule of Reinforcement
Determines which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer Continuous Reinforcement- occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced Intermittent/Partial Reinforcement- occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time More effective/resistant to extinction
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Types of Intermittent Schedules
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Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR)
Reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced respones Reward every 10th lever push Bonus every 10 magazines sold
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Variable Ratio (VR) Reinforcer is given after a variable number of non-reinforced responses Rat rewarded on average every ten times Casino- averages/variations
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Fixed Interval Schedule (FI)
First response is rewarded after a fixed time interval has elapsed First lever press after two minutes Washer/dryer
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Variable Interval Schedule (VI)
Reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed Rewarded after lever press after 1 minute, then 2, then 3, etc Person dialing a busy phone
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Positive vs Negative Reinforcement
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Positive Reinforcement
Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus Good grades, tasty meals, nice clothes, etc
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Negative Reinforcement
Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (negative) stimulus Strengthens a response tendency Removing a buzzing noise
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Escape Learning Organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation Leave a party you were being picked on at
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Avoidance Learning Organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occuring
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Punishment
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Punishment Occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response Negative reinforcement= stimulus is removed Punishment= stimulus is added
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Positive Punishment An aversive stimulus is added to decreases the likelihood of a behavior Petting a cat, cat bites you
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Negative Punishment An appetitive (something good) is removed to decrease the likelihood of an event Texting at dinner, phone taken away
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Disciplinary Procedures
Not just being spanked Social punishments Eating at restaurants/bad service
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More Effective Punishments
Applied quickly Just severe enough to be effective Consistent Explanations Noncorporal
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