1. What is the Enlightenment Period? (7.61)
a. A time when Europeans began to discover electricity.
b. A time when science became the thought of thinkers and philosophers.
c. A time when Europeans began to break away from tradition and rethink political and social norms.
d. A time when humanism became the center or the light.

2. What was the effect of the Reformation on the Enlightenment? (7.61)
a. It challenged individuals to question the authority of the church.
b. It gave the church the authority to sell indulgences.
c. It challenged the government to question emperors and popes.
d. It introduced the idea of reasoning and experimenting to make scientific discoveries.

3. How did the Scientific Revolution impact the Enlightenment? (7.61)
a. It introduced the compass and gunpowder to Europeans.
b. It introduced a new way to read in vernacular.
c. It introduced the idea of reasoning to solve problems.
d. It introduced individuals to a new branch of government.

4. How did Humanism impact the Enlightenment? (7.61)
a. Individuals were encouraged to view the light.
b. Individuals were encouraged to become active and develop their own talents.
c. Individuals were encouraged to speak out against the Catholic Church.
d. Individuals were encouraged to discover inventions that discovered the light.

5. Friday, March 31 DO NOW 1. An agreement between rulers and the people
Match each item with the correct statement below. (7.62)
1. An agreement between rulers and the people
2. Life, liberty, and own property
3. Power equally divided among the branches of government
4. Rule with total power
A. absolutism
B. separation of powers
C. social contract
D. natural rights

6. Objective and Standard
I can evaluate how different time periods influenced the Enlightenment.
7.61 Trace how the main ideas of the Enlightenment can be traced back to such movements and epochs as the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, the Greeks, the Romans, and Christianity.

7. The Enlightenment Thinkers The Age of Reason
We are all born with natural rights.

8. Enlightenment
The use of reason in guiding people’s thoughts about philosophy, society, and politics defined a time period known as Enlightenment.
It was also known as the Age of Reason due to the emphasis on the use of reason.
The Enlightenment was the response of the Scientific Revolution and the Age of Exploration.

9. Enlightenment A movement from 1680-1800s
A philosophical movement (intellectual movement). This time would transform almost all of Europe and cause dramatic change in the church.
People begin having opposition to authority. What do you think that means?
People began focusing on human rights and the role of man
Bold ideas of democracy came about as well!

10. Philosophers & thinkers
They believed the use of reason could improve society . To actually achieve this progress they had to share their ideas with others!

11. The Enlightenment
Scholars began to challenge long held beliefs about science, religion, and government
Thinkers were inspired by Galileo and Newton.
The method of observation and logic is used to approach problems of human life.
Ideas based on rational thought and understanding.

12. The Enlightenment
In France, thinkers called philosophes (or “philosophers”) would gather in informal meetings called salons.
There, they would exchange and debate ideas.

13. The Basic Questions
Enlightenment thinkers wanted to learn more about human life using these questions:
What natural law governs the way people should live?
How well do our institutions agree with natural law?
Does natural law give all people certain rights?
What is the best form of government?

14. Philosophers
Philosophers did not always agree about the answers to these questions.
Some supported absolute rule by the king.
Others argued that the people should have a say in their own government.
They all shared a trust in reason and observation as the best way of understanding and progress.

15. The Five Thinkers Thomas Hobbes John Locke Baron de Montesquieu
Voltaire
Cesare Beccaria

16. Thomas Hobbes Absolute Rule by Kings
His Question: What is the basis of social order?
His Observation: Human beings were naturally cruel, selfish, and greedy.
In 1651, he published a book called Leviathan. He wrote that people are driven by a restless desire for power. Without laws or other social controls, people would always be in conflict.
Absolute Rule by Kings

17. Thomas Hobbes
Governments were created to protect people from their own selfishness.
People are selfish by nature and can not be trusted to make decisions that were good for society as a whole.
With your elbow partner answer the question:
Do you think Hobbes had evidence to support his conclusion about the best government?

18. John Locke
His Observation: He denied the divine right of kings to rule.
In 1690, he published Two Treatises of Government. His book justified a strong parliament which protects human rights.
He argued that the purpose of government was to protect people’s natural rights.
These rights include the right to life, liberty, and property.
Natural Rights

19. John Locke
In exchange for rights, people give the government the power to make and enforce laws.
The true basis of government was a social contract (or agreement), among free people.
His theory is that a government’s authority is based on the consent of the people. If the government fails to respect people’s rights, it can be overthrown.

20. Baron de Montesquieu
His Observation: Too much power in the hands of any one person or group will lead to tyranny.
French author, in 1748, he published The Spirit of Laws.
He argued that the best way to protect human rights is to divide power among three branches of government.
Each branch of government checks (limits) the power of the others.
Separation of Powers

21. Baron de Montesquieu The Three Branches of Government
Legislative branch – makes the laws; Congress
Executive branch – enforces the laws; President
Judicial branch – interprets the laws; Supreme Court

22. Voltaire
His Observation: Freedom of thought and expression is the only way to fight oppression.
He was a French writer and participant in Paris salons.
He supported religious tolerance – allowing people to believe in religion in their own way.
Strong supporter of free speech.
“I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”

23. Cesare Beccaria “Punishment should fit the seriousness of the crime”
His Observation: He studied criminology, the scientific study of crime and punishment.
He objected the harsh practices that were common in his day and called for changes in criminal law to protect the rights of the accused.
Torture was common and people found guilty of crimes were often sentenced to death.
“Punishment should fit the seriousness of the crime”

24. On Crimes and Punishments
Cesare Beccaria
On Crimes and Punishments
He argued that laws exist to preserve society and order and that punishment did not have to be brutal.
A person accused of a crime should receive a fair and speedy trial.
Torture should never be used.
Capital punishment (putting someone to death) should never be used.
Punishment should fit the seriousness
of the crime.

25. Women of the Enlightenment
Enlightenment thinking influenced many throughout Europe and inspired revolutions in America and France.
Although women of the 1700s did not have the same rights or status as men, there were a small few who played an important role by helping to spread ideas about rights and equality for women.
Mary Wollstonecraft (1792), wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women arguing for equality and education rights for women.
Mary Wollstonecraft
Abigail Adams
Madame Geoffrin

26. So the Enlightenment said…
The ability to reason is what made humans unique
Reasons can be used to solve problems and improve people’s lives
Reason can free people from ignorance, superstition, and unfair government
The natural world is governed by laws that can be discovered through reason
Like the natural world, human behavior is governed by natural law
Governments should reflect natural laws and encourage education and debate.

27. Activity: Create a T-Chart
List the main thinkers of the Enlightenment on the left side
List one major idea for each one on the left side
Locke Natural Law