1. REVIEW SLIDES

2. NOTE:
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3. Chapter 11
Endocrine glands

4. Which two hormones act antagonistically to regulate glucose levels in the blood? Name the organ that secretes them.

5. Which two hormones act antagonistically to regulate glucose levels in the blood? Insulin and glucagon, from the pancreas

6. The hormone that is antagonistic to calcitonin is called

7. The hormone that is antagonistic to calcitonin is called parathyroid hormone.

8. Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin have something in common, in that they are both secreted by the ___________________ and stored in the ___________________.

9. Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin have something in common, in that they are both secreted by the __hypothalamus__ and stored in the __posterior pituitary gland__.

10. CRH (Corticotropin releasing hormone) is produced by the ________________________________.

11. CRH (Corticotropin releasing hormone) is produced by the ____hypothalamus_____.

12. Follicle stimulating hormone is produced by the _____________ __________________ gland.

13. Follicle stimulating hormone is produced by the _anterior_____ ___pituitary___ gland.

14. _________________________hormones act on the surface of their target cells and trigger a second messenger system of reactions inside the cell.

15. ____________Polar_____hormones act on the surface of their target cells and trigger a second messenger system of reactions inside the cell.

16. When thyroid hormone levels rise, TRH and TSH are inhibited
When thyroid hormone levels rise, TRH and TSH are inhibited. This is called ___________________ feedback.

17. When thyroid hormone levels rise, TRH and TSH are inhibited
When thyroid hormone levels rise, TRH and TSH are inhibited. This is called ________negative___ feedback.

18. Pitocin is a medication that may be given to pregnant women to hasten a vaginal delivery. Pitocin is an agonist of the hormone _____________.

19. Pitocin is a medication that may be given to pregnant women to hasten a vaginal delivery. Pitocin is an agonist of the hormone ___oxytocin__.

20. Premenopausal women with breast cancers that test positive for the estrogen receptor are often given _________________, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), which has an anti-estrogenic effect in the breast, but promotes estrogen actions on bone and the endometrium of the uterus.

21. Premenopausal women with breast cancers that test positive for the estrogen receptor are often given __tamoxifen__, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), which has an anti-estrogenic effect in the breast, but promotes estrogen actions on bone and the endometrium of the uterus.

22. Why are newborns rapidly tested for their levels of thyroxine?

23. Why are newborns rapidly tested for their levels of thyroxine?
ANSWER
Cretinism develops during gestation or just after birth as a result of hypothyroidism if there’s a lack of thyroxine, which leads to mental retardation.
Treatment with thyroxine soon after birth reverses the effects.

24. Explain how an iodine deficiency leads to a goiter.

25. Explain how an iodine deficiency leads to a goiter.
Thyroid hormones contain iodine.
Without iodine, thyroid hormones cannot be made.
Low thyroid hormone levels signal the pituitary to make more thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH); TSH stimulates thyroid growth and this causes overgrowth of thyroid gland: goiter.

26. What is the difference in composition between the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex

27. What is the difference in composition between the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex? The adrenal medulla is made up of neurons and the cortex is made up of primarily epithelial cells.

28. Antidiuretic hormone causes

29. Antidiuretic hormone causes the kidneys to reabsorb water
Antidiuretic hormone causes the kidneys to reabsorb water. A person urinates less.

30. Erythropoietin acts to stimulate

31. Erythropoietin acts to stimulate red blood cell formation

32. Thymosins form in the thymus, and their function is to stimulate

33. Thymosins form in the thymus, and their function is to stimulate the maturation of T-lymphocytes

34. Which two hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary?

35. Which two hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary
Which two hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary? Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

36. Pitocin is given to hasten childbirth because it mimics the action of which hormone?

37. Pitocin is given to hasten childbirth because it mimics the action of which hormone? oxytocin

38. Testosterone has a negative feedback effect on the pituitary’s release of which hormones?

39. Testosterone has a negative feedback effect on the pituitary’s release of which hormones?
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone

40. Calcitonin is an antagonistic hormone of

41. Calcitonin is an antagonistic hormone of parathyroid hormone

42. Calcitonin acts to lower blood levels of

43. Calcitonin acts to lower blood levels of calcium

44. Antidiuretic hormone prevents water excretion by promoting the insertion of aquaporin channels in the epithelial cells of the

45. Antidiuretic hormone prevents water excretion by promoting the insertion of aquaporin channels in the epithelial cells of the collecting duct of the nephron.

46. Atrial natriuretic peptide ____________ blood pressure

47. Atrial natriuretic peptide __lowers____ blood pressure

48. The pineal gland produces _____________, which makes a person ____________.

49. The pineal gland produces __melatonin__, which makes a person ____sleepy_.
Melatonin has not been found to play a role in reproductive cycles.

50. Explain the negative feedback relationship between thyroid hormones and the pituitary gland.

51. Explain the negative feedback relationship between thyroid hormones and the pituitary gland.
When thyroid hormone levels rise, this shuts of the release of thyroid stimulating hormone and thyrotropin releasing hormone, which come from the pituitary and hypothalamus respectively.

52. Table 11.1
KNOW THIS

53. Aspirin is the most widely used member of a class of drugs known as the ______________. Other members of this class are indomethacin and ibuprofen. These drugs produce their effects because they specifically inhibit the cyclooxygenase enzyme that is needed for prostaglandin synthesis.

54. Aspirin is the most widely used member of a class of drugs known as the NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). Other members of this class are indomethacin and ibuprofen. These drugs produce their effects because they specifically inhibit the cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX) that is needed for prostaglandin synthesis. P. 352

55. The pituitary is no longer referred to as the “master gland” because

56. The pituitary is no longer referred to as the “master gland” because it is regulated by the hypothalamus.

57. Aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex is stimulated when

58. Aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex is stimulated when blood pressure falls (or you could say, when angiotensin II is formed)

59. Which of the following is NOT a hypothalamic hormone involved in the control of the anterior pituitary?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)
Dopamine
Growth hormone

60. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Which of the following is NOT a hypothalamic hormone involved in the control of the anterior pituitary?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)
Dopamine (also called PIH, see above)
Growth hormone (Note that Growth hormone releasing hormone is the hormone that is secreted by the hypothalamus)
See table 11.7, p. 335

61. Aldosterone raises blood pressure by

62. Aldosterone raises blood pressure by causing the kidneys to retain Na+ and water, while excreting K+ into the urine
P. 337

63. Stress causes a rise in the plasma glucocorticoid levels
Stress causes a rise in the plasma glucocorticoid levels. Hans Selye, a Canadian physiologist (1936) called this nonspecific response ____________ ___________ syndrome.

64. Stress causes a rise in the plasma glucocorticoid levels
Stress causes a rise in the plasma glucocorticoid levels. Hans Selye, a Canadian physiologist (1936) called this nonspecific response general adaptation syndrome.

65. Basal metabolic rate is ____________ by thyroid hormones

66. Basal metabolic rate is _increased__ by thyroid hormones

67. _________________ disease is an autoimmune disorder in which autoantibodies bind to the receptors for TSH on the thyroid gland cells. This causes excessive secretion of thyroid hormones. A goiter is produced but not of the same type caused by iodine deficiency.

68. Grave’s_ disease is an autoimmune disorder in which autoantibodies bind to the receptors for TSH on the thyroid gland cells. This causes excessive secretion of thyroid hormones. A goiter is produced but not of the same type caused by iodine deficiency.

69. Many people with _____________ disease have ____________opthalmopathy, where anatomical changes in the orbit of the eyes produce bulging eyes (exophthalmos).

70. Many people with _Graves’_ disease have _Graves’_opthalmopathy, where anatomical changes in the orbit of the eyes produce bulging eyes (exophthalmos).

71. When two or more hormones work together to produce a particular result, their effects are said to be __________________.

72. When two or more hormones work together to produce a particular result, their effects are said to be _synergistic__.

73. A hormone is said to have a _____________ effect on the action of a second hormone when it enhances the responsiveness of a target organ to the second hormone, or when it increases the activity of the second hormone.

74. A hormone is said to have a _permissive effect on the action of a second hormone when it enhances the responsiveness of a target organ to the second hormone, or when it increases the activity of the second hormone.
E.g. PTH has a permissive effect on Vit.D3 because it stimulates the enzyme that makes active Vit.D3 (Both PTH and D3 raise blood Ca2+ levels).