1. 3. Information Processing and response

2. Contents
Information Processing Welford’s Model Whiting’s Model Perception Memory Improving memory retention Response Reaction time Psychological Refractory period Hicks Law Schema

3. Information Processing
Stimulus Identification
Response Selection
Response Programming
Picking out cues from the environment
Decision making based upon experience
Movement communicated to muscles to put into action

4. Welford’s Model Display Sense Organs Perception Effector Mechanism
Muscular System
Response
Intrinsic Feedback
Extrinsic Feedback

5. Whiting’s Model Perceptual mechanism Sensory Input
Translator mechanism
Decision Process
Effector mechanism
Action

6. Perception Sensory Input
Vision, Hearing and Proprioception (Touch, Equilibrium and Kinaesthesis)
Selective attention
Selective Attention
Relevant information is filtered away from the irrelevant
Player is then left with only important information to concentrate on.
Relevant information is coded- all subsequent decisions are made on this information alone
DCR
Detection- registering the stimulus by the sense organ
Comparison- referring stimulus to the memory store to be compared against stored stimuli
Recognition- Finding the corresponding stimuli in the memory

7. Short Term Sensory Store Short Term Memory Store
Selective attention process.
Receives information for less than 1 second
Information coded or discarded
Short Term Memory Store
Coded information reaches STMS
Retains information for 20 – 30 seconds
Capacity of 7 +/-2 items
Long Term Memory Store
Permanent
Unlimited capacity
Stored as Motor programmes
Two way relationship between Short Term Memory Store and Long Term Memory Store- Aids decision making process using past experiences

8. Improving Memory retention
Practice- refines motor programmes
Praise and reinforcement as we remember pleasant experiences
Mental Rehearsal- Stimulates brain and muscles
Demonstrations needs to be clear and accurate
Chunking- Information broken down in smaller parts
Chaining- Presenting the information in correct order so links can be made

9. Response Response Time Reaction Time
Movement Time
Response Time
Reaction Time
Presentation of Stimulus to onset of movement
Movement Time
Onset of movement to completion of movement
Response Time
Presentation of stimulus to completion of movement

10. Simple Reaction time There is only one stimulus and one response
Choice Reaction time Responding to several stimuli each requiring a different response

11. Psychological refractory period
Stimuli are processed along a single nerve
Only one can be processed at a time
Stimuli must wait for previous one to be dealt with
Known as Single Channel Hypothesis
Short Corner
Cruyff Turn
Trick Pass
Fake Punt
Dummy Runners
Zidane
Psychological Refractory period is based on SCH
Unavoidable delay if a second stimulus is presented before previous is processed
Ball clipping the net / deflection on a shot / Dummy pass / Set plays
Stimulus Stimulus Response Response 2
PRP
RVP

12. Schema
Information stored in LTM that updates and modifies motor programmes
- Suggests we haven’t created a specific pattern for every individual situation but rather have a Schema for it
Initial conditions- Information is gained from the environment
e.g. Player sees the game situation around them
Response selections- Appropriate response is decided upon as a result of initial conditions
e.g. Player decides type of pass and to which player
Sensory consequences- Player gathers information to help adjust the response
e.g. Player senses how far away the player is and how the pass feels
Response outcomes- Player receives information on success of skill
e.g. Pass is successful and player recognises this
Recall Schema
Produces movement
Recognition schema
Judges movement
How can a coach encourage schema to be developed?

13. Open and Closed loop control
Open Loop Simple, well learnt skills Automatic (Autonomous phase) Quickly completed Closed and self paced skills Tennis Serve / Discus throw
Closed Loop Ongoing movements Only part of info sent to organs Remaining is sent during performance Kinaesthetic awareness Riding a bike/ Complex dive
Kinaesthetic feedback
Motor Control Mechanism
Motor Commands
Movement
Motor Control Mechanism
Motor Commands
Movement