1. Review EOC Quiz Answers
1. One result of overproduction of farm products during the late 1800’s was…
A higher rate of farm foreclosures
High food prices
A rise in the number of private farms
A decrease in the number of “Bonanza” Farms
2. The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) was different from other unions in that it…
Put less emphasis on strikes and more emphasis on negotiating
Demanded that the means of production be owned and operated by the government
Failed in all of its Gilded Age-era goals
Did not allow women to become members
3. The idea of horizontal integration…
Involved selling off bad stocks to gain funds to buy healthier companies
Buying all competitors that produce a similar product to your company
Ended during the Gilded Age and was replaced with vertical integration
Failed to produce the monopolies desired by Robber Barons
4. One of the Populist Party’s primary goals was
To legalize vertical integration
To bar women and African American from high paying jobs
To pass laws that would lower railroad shipping rates
To enforce the Specie Resumption Act
5. A problem that troubled both industrialists and farmers alike during the late 1800’s was…
Women’s desire for suffrage
Overproduction of goods
High protective tariffs
High immigration rates

2. Today’s Class (01/23/17) Outcome:
Be able to describe the Progressive reforms during the presidencies of Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson.
Agenda:
Guided Notes – The Progressive Presidents: Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson
Primary Source – The Jungle by Upton Sinclair
Progressive Reforms Exit Slip
Most significant accomplishment of the Progressive Era

3. The Progressive Presidents: Roosevelt Taft Wilson

4. William McKinley Presidency
In 1896 presidential election, Republican William McKinley defeats Populist William Jennings Bryan.
Afterwards, America enjoys a period of economic prosperity.
The U.S. also won a major victory in the Spanish-American War.
McKinley was reelected as President in
William “Eyebrows” McKinley

5. Teddy Roosevelt Becomes President
McKinley was assassinated in 1901 – Vice President Theodore Roosevelt becomes President.
Roosevelt was just 42 years old when became President— the youngest to ever hold the office.
Roosevelt would change the nature of the Presidency – made it much more active.

6. Roosevelt’s View of the Presidency
Roosevelt was a reform-minded President.
He supported the Progressive movement and used the Presidency to make sweeping reforms.
Roosevelt’s reform plan, nicknamed “The Square Deal,” focused on the 3 C’s:
Conservation of environment
Consumer protections
Control of corporations
TR used Presidency as a “bully pulpit”

7. Conservation Efforts
Roosevelt loved the outdoors – supported conservation, or preserving and protecting the environment.
Roosevelt recognized that many natural resources were limited, and needed to be controlled to prevent overuse by companies.
Roosevelt helped establish the National Park System and the U.S. Forest Service to help protect the natural environment.

8. Consumer Protections
At this time, many food/drug companies sold products that contained dangerous ingredients or sold drugs that didn’t work.
Working conditions in the meatpacking industry were very unsanitary and helped spread disease.
Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle
Roosevelt helped Congress pass the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906.
Meat Inspection Act required federal inspection of meat
Pure Food and Drug Act prevented companies from including harmful ingredients and required accurate ingredient labels on all products.

9. Upton Sinclair “The Jungle”
Questions: 1. What social change caused this problem? 2. What impact do you think this example of “muckraking” had on Americans? 3. How would you expect the government to fix the situation?

10. Upton Sinclair, The Jungle
“There was never the least attention paid to what was cut up for sausage; there would come all the way back from Europe old sausage that had been rejected, and that was moldy and white—it would be dosed with borax and glycerin, and dumped into the hoppers, and made over again for home consumption. There would be meat that had tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust, where the workers had tramped and spit uncounted billions of consumption germs. There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it. It was too dark in these storage places to see well, but a man could run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of rats. These rats were nuisances, and the packers would put poisoned bread out for them, they would die, and then rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together. This is no fairy story and no joke; the meat would be shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw one—there were things that went into the sausage in comparison with which a poisoned rat was a tidbit. There was no place for the men to wash their hands before they ate their dinner, and so they made a practice of washing them in the water that was to be ladled into the sausage. There were the butt- ends of smoked meat, and the scraps of corned beef, and all the odds and ends of the waste of the plants, that would be dumped into old barrels in the cellar and left there. Under the system of rigid economy which the packers enforced, there were some jobs that it only paid to do once in a long time, and among these was the cleaning out of the waste barrels. Every spring they did it; and in the barrels would be dirt and rust and old nails and stale water—and cart load after cart load of it would be taken up and dumped into the hoppers with fresh meat, and sent out to the public's breakfast.”

11. Control of Corporations
By 1900, trusts had come to dominate many industries in the U.S. – oil, railroads, steel.
Roosevelt and the U.S. attorney general filed lawsuits against trusts to break them up— “trust-busting”--using the Sherman Anti- Trust Act.
Roosevelt also helped pass the Elkins Act and the Hepburn Act to limit power of railroads.
Elkins Act = prohibited railroads from charging different prices to farmers & large companies
Hepburn Act = government could set max railroad prices to prevent overcharging

12. Roosevelt Handpicks Taft
Teddy Roosevelt easily won reelection in 1904, but promised he would not run for a third term in 1908.
Roosevelt supported William Howard Taft as his successor – Taft won 1908 election.
Taft had a more restrained view of the Presidency than Roosevelt – thought actions should be taken through court system.
Taft had a very different view of the Presidency that Roosevelt – Taft felt he should exercise more restraint and pursue changes through the court system. Roosevelt thought President should take a much more active role.

13. Progressivism Under Taft
Taft continued Roosevelt’s trustbusting measures – brought 90 lawsuits against monopolies, including Standard Oil and U.S. Steel.
Created federal Department of Labor - Gave labor unions a voice in the president’s cabinet & step toward improving working conditions.
President Taft mustache you a question…
Department of Labor still around today. Cabinet is President’s closest advisors, so labor is on the same level as the Dept of War, Navy, State, Treasury,

14. Taft Splits Republican Party
Taft broke with the Republican party on some Progressive issues - party split in half:
Some supported Taft & others wanted to continue Progressive reforms.
These Republicans formed the new Progressive “Bull Moose” Party.
Disappointed in Taft’s break with Progressive reforms, Roosevelt chose to run in the 1912 election as a Bull Moose candidate.
Progressives wanted lower tariffs – Republicans under Teddy Roosevelt campaigned for lower tariffs. Roosevelt also staunch conservationist—extremely upset when Taft fired Pinchot.
Cartoon satirizing Roosevelt’s decision to run for a 3rd term.

15. 1912 Presidential Election
Three major candidates:
William Howard Taft (Republican)
Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive)
Woodrow Wilson (Democratic)
Due to the split in the Republican Party, Wilson wins easily.
First presidential election victory for Democrats in 20 years.
The outcome of the 1912 election was unpredictable, as this cartoon illustrates.

16. 1912 Presidential Election

17. Progressivism Under Wilson
Wilson’s Progressive reforms known as the “New Freedom”:
Tariff Reduction
Lowered tariffs – popular among Progressives – seen as a way to lower prices for consumers
Banking Reform
Federal Reserve Act - set up a central banking system supervised by federal government that was designed to prevent bank failures & loss of depositors $$$ - still in use today!
Stronger Antitrust Laws
Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) – strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act by prohibiting companies from buying stock in competing companies.
Federal Trade Commission investigated possible antitrust law violations and served as “watchdog” agency against illegal actions.
Although a Democrat, Wilson was a Progressive governor – all of his actions were favored by Progressives.

18. Progressive Era Exit Slip
Choose which area of reform you consider to be the most significant success from the Progressive Era.
What actions/methods achieved this success?
Briefly explain why you consider this to be the most significant of all the reforms from this time period.