1. Chapter 8 When did confederation begin? Confederation July 1st, 1867
That is why July 1st is
“CANADA DAY”!!!

2. Roommates! Imagine yourself in the future,
Where are you going to live?
Are you going to rent an apartment all by yourself or are you going to have a roommate?
What are some of the benefits and drawbacks of having a roommate?

3. What are some of the benefits and drawbacks of having a roommate?
Advantages of a Roommate
Disadvantages of a Roommate

4. Roommates
If you decided to get a roommate, what would you do to make sure that things went as smoothly as possible? (ex. Make rules that both of you agree on)

5. Confederation = Roommates
This process is very similar to what many of the British colonies went through in the 1860s. Instead of choosing roommates though, these colonies were thinking about joining together as a country.
There were both advantages and disadvantages to forming a country. Some colonies decided to join while other colonies did not.

6. Confederation Issues
Confederation was an agreement among some of the colonies in North America to join together. This agreement helped to establish rules for Canadian society.
Why would colonies want to join together? What would they have to gain? What could they have to lose?
These rules helped to establish equality in Canada for both the French and English languages. Confederation also established a central government for Canada, as well as governments in all the provinces.

7. First Nations in Confederation
One of the main problems with Confederation was that it excluded First Nations. Why do you think the government of Canada would exclude First Nations?
The colonies that were originally in Confederation negotiations were: Canada West, Canada East, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland.

8. Four Key Confederation leaders
In Canada East and Canada West four key political leaders emerged, formed an alliance and promoted Confederation to the British government and the other colonies of BNA to join
John A Macdonald
George-Etienne Cartier
George Brown
Etienne-Paschal Tache P

9. Confederation Leaders- activity
Break the class into groups of four. Using the profiles on page each student in the group chooses one of the leaders to “be”.
Groups will work together to draw out information in these profiles.
Answer the following questions:
What are (at least) two problems that Canada East and Canada West faced?
Why did these leaders form an alliance?
What did these leaders have in common, and what differences did they have?

10. Key issues in Confederation
The leaders of Confederation were in a political deadlock. This happens when two equally powerful players in a decision making process can't come to an agreement.
Have you ever been in a deadlock with someone?
Unfortunately, the political structure of the province of Canada under the Act of Union encouraged the development of political deadlocks. The reason for this was because Canada East and Canada West had equal numbers, with Francophones from Canada East on one side and Anglophones from Canada West on the other side. Both sides would have different concerns and priorities, so this made it very difficult to get anything accomplished.
Page 240 = political deadlock in the situation of school uniforms.

11. Political Deadlock
The political structure of Canada under the Act of Union encouraged political deadlocks because of the equal number of seats for Canada East and Canada West. Francophones and Anglophones could not come to an agreement because both sides had different concerns and priorities.
What do you think were some of the priorities for the French? What were some of the priorities of the English? Give 3 examples for each.

12. Rights of Canadiens
P. 241
French Canadiens wanted a guarantee that any new political agreement they made with Canada West would recognize and respect their distinctive rights. Some Canadien leaders saw Confederation as an opportunity to have these rights formally recognized and recorded

13. Independence of Regions
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island were all British colonies that governed themselves and they feared that if they joined the union with Canada East and West that they may lose their independent character.
Also, these small provinces worried about the costs associated with becoming a new country. These provinces were concerned that becoming apart of a new country would be very expensive. They could have to create and pay for a new "general government."
What would be the benefits for these provinces to join Confederation? Were the provinces correct in being concerned about the increased price of joining together and becoming a country?

14. Risk of U.S. Annexation
Annexation is the takeover of a territory by another country.
British North America worried about being annexed by the United States during this time period.
Canada is one large country instead of smaller pieces which makes it easier to defend
Do you think they were right in their assumption that the U.S. could annex them?

15. How do you read a Cartoon?
P. 243

16. How did the BNA Act deal with the concerns of each colony?
Issue- Western expansion
As one large country Canada has more resources to meet this ambition
Issue- Trade challenges
The Intercolonial Railway links Maritimes to Central Canada, which improves trade among these regions

17. Build the Big Picture Challenges of winter in Canada
What were some of the ways that people got around in the 1860s?
If you wanted to transport a large quantity of something (ex. Trade goods), what would be the best way?
What happens when waterways freeze? What options do you have then?

18. Build the Big Picture This would guide the placement of railroads
If you don’t shovel your yard immediately after a snowfall, you will probably have to make paths through the snow. The paths say something about what’s really important to connect in their yards. (ex. Path to the door, the garbage can, the garage)
Placement of railroads on the map p. 246 is something like the path in the snow: it is evidence of what was (or had been) important connections

19. Homework:
P. 246 #1-4

20. History Happens Confederation in the Making – p. 247-248
Charlottetown Conference, one of the key negotiation sessions that led to Confederation

21. “A World Without Rules?”
Imagine what school would be like if there were no rules.
What time would they arrive in the morning?
Would it be a problem if students could eat any time, any place?
Would it be a problem if they could wear snowy boots or muddy shoes in class?
A school can’t function without rules.
The same goes for a country!
Before colonies could join the country, they had to come up with a set of rules that they all could live by. They wrote the rules down in the “BNA Act”

22. Confederation Deal
Rights for Regions P

23. The BNA Act
The BNA Act gave the Canadian government the following powers:
They could make laws to protect "peace, order and good government" of Canada.
Created a division of powers between the federal and provincial governments.
French and English were now the languages of parliament.
Guaranteed public schools for the Protestant minority in Quebec, and for the Catholic minorities in the rest of Canada. These rights were based on the French and English divisions in Canada, since most Protestants spoke English and most Catholics spoke French.
Gave federal government the power to protect the rights of Catholic and Protestant minorities in provinces.
Establish representation by population in the House of Commons and this also gave Ontario the most seats in the House.
This Act also guaranteed the new government of Canada would pay for a railway linking the Maritimes with Central Canada

24. Federal and Provincial powers in 1867
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
- peace, order, good government
Public property
- Defense
- Regulation of trade
- Post office
- Aboriginal people
- Criminal law
- Fisheries
- Navigation
- banks
PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
- Local affairs
- Civil law
- Health and welfare
- Education
- Natural resources
-Agriculture
Immigration
taxation

25. Homework
P. 251 #1-4

26. Maritimes Strengthened:
The Maritimes were very important to Britain because of their location, they were major trading partners with Britain. The Maritimes were offered economic benefits if they joined Confederation. Canada East and Canada West promised a Railway to link the Maritimes to the rest of Canada. Also, Canada promised money for roads, bridges and other development.
Nova Scotia did not want to join, but the leader of Nova Scotia's assembly, Charles Tupper made the decision to join Canada despite this. Joseph Howe was Tupper's main opponent and he predicted that Nova Scotia would lose its identity as a result of joining Canada. In the following election anti- Confederation candidates won 36 of 38 seats in Canada's parliament.

27. National Anthems What is the purpose of a national anthem?
What kind of ideas does it convey? In what ways is it symbolic?

28. The Star-Spangled Banner
Oh, say can you see by the dawn's early light, What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars thru the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming? And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. Oh, say does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?
What ideas stand out in the American anthem? Based on what words?
Fun fact: it dates from the War of 1812, not the American war of Independence, as you might expect. The War of was an identity-builder for the US.

29. O Canada
O Canada! Our home and native land! True patriot love in all thy sons command.
With glowing hearts we see thee rise, The True North strong and free!
From far and wide, O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.
God keep our land glorious and free! O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.
O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.
What is different about the ideas it conveys, compared to the American anthem? What is similar?
Fun Fact: O Canada was first written in French by a Francophone musician. This is a good example of a Francophone contribution to Canadian identity. It was only proclaimed Canada's national anthem on July 1, 1980, 100 years after it was first sung on June 24, 1880.

30. First Nations and Confederation
Colonies of BNA did not consult the First nations during the negotiations of Confederation
The idea of citizenship excluded the First Nations
1857- Gradual Civilization Act: required FN people to give up their way of life before they could become voting citizens
1867- BNA Act established Confederation. It made FN people the responsibility of the Canadian federal government (like the postal service)
Until Canada’s govn’t did not allow people with legal status is “Indian” to vote. Only those who gave up their status were allowed to vote

31. Confederation and First Nations
Confederation originally included “Two founding nations”- the Canadiens and the British in Canada
Elijah Harper took a stand on this and drew the following ideas into the conversation:
The First Nations were excluded from the negotiations surrounding Confederation and the agreement that established Confederation
In the society Harper envisions the First Nations have a right to participate in decisions affecting Canada
First Nations played an important role in the history of Canada
FN shared knowledge, technologies and resources that were essential to the survival of early European colonies and the success of the fur trade

32. The fathers of confederation
standing, background, centre-
John A Macdonald
- seated to the right of Macdonald-
George- Etienne Cartier
- seated, front, centre-
George Brown
- standing, front, right-
Charles Tupper Who is not in this picture?
PS- this meeting shown in this scene never occurred
The fathers of confederation

33. The fathers of confederation
Respond p. 256 #1

34. Other provinces join confederation – p. 257
1867- Canada has four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick
Other land was claimed by British as colonies or territories
Colonies- has well-established settlements and governments elected by the settlers
Territories- not many settlers, governed by appointed British officials

35. Steps towards Confederation
These colonies later joined Canada through agreements with the colonists, Britain and Canada. These areas joined Canada with elected leaders and they had power to make their own decisions. However, the territories were simply transferred to Canada through an agreement between Britain and Canada.
Canada's government expected to control the territories without giving them elected assemblies or power to make their own decisions.
Later, areas begin to acquire more settlers and begin to be recognized as provinces. Manitoba won this right to be recognized as a province rather than a territory and join Canada in Alberta and Saskatchewan join as territories in 1905 but are later recognized as provinces, once their population grew.

36. Confederation timeline
In your notebooks, recreate the timeline that is found on page 259
Answer:
How long was it until all provinces had joined?
What year did the maple leaf flag become Canada’s official flag?
Why is the flag “neutral” and why is this important?

37. British Columbia joins
Became a colony b/c of British settlements along the west coast following the explorations of George Vancouver (1792 – 1795)
1857- the economy changes from fur trade to gold rush. The colony borrowed money to build roads and railways to the mining centres, promising to pay back the money
The gold rush died out and the colony was in deep debt in 1867
Some colonists though they should join Canada, others thought they should join the US
The Canadian government encouraged the colony to join Canada and promised
To pay off their debts
To join BC to the rest of Canada with a railway

39. Respond
P. 261 #1-3

40. Alaska
FYI, US purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million in gold in This was considerably more than Canada paid the Hudson’s Bay Company for Rupert’s Land and the northwest territories in 1869 ($300 thousand pounds)

41. Expanding Confederation: Push/Pull Factors
Handout
Read p

42. Prince Edward island joins
Early 1870s- PEI in economic trouble
Many island farmers did not own the land they farmed. The farms were owned by British landlords to whom the farmers paid rent. This rent took money out of the province every year
1873- PEI hoped Confederation would solve its economic problems, Canada hoped PEI would join rather than joining the US
Canada agreed to pay for the colony’s railway and to provide money to the government to buy the farms for the farmers
Government also promised a year-round ferry from the island to the mainland

43. Confederation in PEI was accepted as a necessity- but they still had a celebration about it

44. Newfoundland joins
1867 and Newfoundland rejects Confederation- they had a strong identity and felt optimistic about their economic future
For almost 60 years NFLD had a success timber and fisheries industry
1930s- counties around the world cut back on trade b/c of the Great Depression. This hurt NFLD and they could no longer pay for schools, hospitals and other needs of the citizens
1934- Britain takes control of NFLDs affairs and remains under British rule until after WWII
WWII strengthens the NFLD economy and it becomes an important cetnre for supplying Britain from North America

45. Newfoundland joins (2)
1945- some Newfoundlanders want to regain their independence, others worried about hard times returning
Britain said it could no longer support NFLD if it fell on hard times
1948- NFLD votes- majority decides to join Canada
Canada promises:
Pay the colony’s debts
Provide money to develop NFLD’s economy
Link NFLD to Canada with a ferry service