1. Steps of
the
Scientific Method

2. The Scientific Method is a The common way to solve a problem!

3. 3. Formulate a Hypothesis 4. Experiment 5. Collect and Analyze Results
Scientific Method
1. Observation
2. Problem/Question
3. Formulate a Hypothesis
4. Experiment
5. Collect and Analyze Results
6. Conclusion
7. Communicate the Results

4. 1. Observation/Research:
Gather information
Facts Using the 5 senses!!! Vs
Inferences: Assumptions based on prior observations

5. 1. Problem/Question:
Through observations develop a question or problem that can be solved through experimentation.

6. Do you remember the next step?

7. 3. Formulate a Hypothesis:
The hypothesis is an educated guess about the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
Example: If soil temperatures rise, then plant growth will increase.

8. 4. Experiment: Develop and follow a procedure.
Include a detailed materials list.
The outcome must be measurable (quantifiable).

9. 5. Collect and Analyze Results:
Modify the procedure if needed.
Confirm the results by retesting.
Include tables, graphs, and photographs.

10. Do you accepts or reject the hypothesis.
6. Conclusion:
Do you accepts or reject the hypothesis.
Make recommendations for further study and possible improvements to the procedure.

11. 7. Communicate the Results:
Be prepared to present the project to an audience.
Expect questions from the audience.

12. Think you can name all seven steps?
Collect and Analyze Results
Formulate a Hypothesis
Communicate the Results
Observation/Research
Problem/Question
Experiment
Conclusion

13. She explains that yeast releases a gas as it feeds on sugar.
Problem/Question
John watches his grandmother bake bread. He ask his Nana what makes the bread rise?
She explains that yeast releases a gas as it feeds on sugar.

14. Problem/Question
John wonders if the amount of sugar used in the recipe will affect the size of the bread loaf?

15. Observation/Research
John researches the areas of baking and fermentation to test his question.

16. Formulate a Hypothesis
John decides: “If more sugar is added, then the bread will rise higher.”

17. Do you remember the difference between independent and dependent variables?

18. Independent Variable The manipulated variable
Factor that’s intentionally changed by the experimenter.
John is going to use grams of sugar in his experiment.

19. In this case, it would be the size of the loaf of bread.
Dependent Variable
Responds to the IV
IT IS MEASURABLE!!!!!!!!!
In this case, it would be the size of the loaf of bread.

20. Experiment He comes up with a procedure and list of all materials.
She discusses with John how to determine the control group.

21. Control Group Standard of comparison
A “no treatment" or “experimenter selected” group.
Doesn’t get the treatment!!!

22. All experiments should have a control group.
exposed to the same conditions as the experimental group, except for the variable being tested.
All experiments should have a control group.

23. Can John have a group with NO sugar? NOOOOO!
Control group
Can John have a group with NO sugar?
NOOOOO!

24. Control Group
Because his grandmother always used 50g. of sugar in her recipe, John is going to use 50g as his control group.

25. Constants
All other factors are kept the same so that any observed changes in the bread can be attributed to the variation in the amount of sugar.

26. Constants
All the factors that the experimenter attempts to keep the same.
Constants has an S and so does same

27. Can you think of some constants for this experiment?

28. Constants Other ingredients in recipe oven rise time
brand of ingredients
cooking time
type of pan
air temperature and humidity
where the bread was rising
oven temperature
age of the yeast

29. John is going to test each sugar variable 3 times.
Trials
Trials refer to replicate groups that are exposed to the same conditions in an experiment.
John is going to test each sugar variable 3 times.

30. Collect and Analyze Results
John creates a table to record his data.
John gets all his materials and carries out his experiment.

31. Size of Baked Bread (LxWxH) cm3
Size of Bread Loaf (cm3)
Trials
Amt. of Sugar (g.) 1 2 3
Average
Size (cm3) 25
768
744
761
758 50
1296
1188
1260
100
1080
1116
250
672
576
588
612
500
432
504
360
Control group

32. Collect and Analyze Results
He examines his data and notices the control worked the best but not significantly better than 100g. of sugar

33. Conclusion
John rejects his hypothesis, and re-tests using sugar amounts between 50g. and 100g.

34. Can you tell which group did the best?

35. Size of Baked Bread (LxWxH) cm3
Size of Bread Loaf (cm3)
Trials
Amt. of Sugar (g.) 1 2 3
Average
Size (cm3) 50
1296
1440
1344 60
1404
1380 70
1638
1560
1612 80
1332 90
1080
1200
972
1084
Control group

36. Conclusion John finds that 70g. of sugar produces the largest loaf.
His hypothesis is accepted.

37. Communicate the Results
John tells his Nana about his findings and presents his project in Science class.

38. What happens when a hypothesis is tested over and over and is true every time??

39. The Scientific Method not yet tested well- why supported what PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
EXPERIMENT
EXPERIMENTS
EXPERIMENTS
EXPERIMENTS
well-
supported
why
what
THEORY
LAW

40. Theory vs Law
Theories are unsubstantiated ideas, opinions, unproven explanations
Laws are proven theories that have withstood repeated testing over time, rules that must be followed, a piece of enacted legislation

41. L A W (fact) THEORY HYPOTHESIS When proven that it always works
When supported over time
Only call on those with misconceptions
Is this consistent with what Helen Curtis said?
The rest of what we will be doing is exploring the validity of this
Be to here in 10mins tops
HYPOTHESIS

42. Theories in Media

43. Laws in Media

44. Biology Theory vs Law
Chromosome Theory: chromosomes are the basis for all genetic inheritance. Explains the mechanism underlying Mendel’s laws.
The law of independent assortment: Describes the principle that traits are passed on to offspring independent of each other .

45. Laws and Theories Laws Theories Based primarily on observations
Based on evidence
Can change with new evidence
Cannot
change into
each other
Based primarily on observations
Holds for specific conditions
More descriptive
Answers “what happens?”
Relies heavily on inferences
Generalizations
More explanatory
Answers “How does it happen?”
Closure Slide
Laws:
Primarily based on
Observations
Typically holds only under specific conditions
More Descriptive
“what”
Theories:
Based on Inferences
Generalizations
More Explanatory
“why”
Similarities:
Based on lots of evidence
Can change when new evidence is discovered
These are 2 different types of scientific knowledge, they cannot change into each other