1. Emergence of
Christian Europe
Unit 2, Chapter 9

2. Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: – 1250
Late Middle Ages:

3. Europe in the 6c

4. Setting the Stage: Europe 600–1000
Caliphates took Iberian peninsula
Carolingian Empire – Gaul, Germany, & Italy
Pope – southern Italy
Treaty of Verdun (843)
French speaking west
German speaking east
Vikings – Scandinavia
Celts & Saxons - Britain

5. Vikings Plundered the English & French coasts Established settlements
Iceland
Greenland
Newfoundland
William the Conqueror (Normandy 1066)

6. Politics & the Church Relationship between kings & pope was tense
800 – pope crowned Charlemagne first Holy Roman Emperor
Canon Law (Excommunication)
Jurisdiction
Who should appoint bishops?

7. Investiture Controversy
Controversy between the church and lay lords over Bishop appointments
Also applies to conflict of popes and kings
Excommunication of Holy Roman Emperor, Henry IV
Led to Concordat of Worms in 1122

8. The Medieval Catholic Church
filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world
monasticism:
St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience
provided schools for the children of the upper class
inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war
libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts
monks  missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]

9. The Power of the Medieval Church
bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system
the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe
tried to curb feudal warfare  only days a year for combat
curb heresies  crusades; Inquisition
tithe  1/10 tax on your assets given to the church

10. A Medieval Monk’s Day

11. Charlemagne: 742 to 814

12. Charlemagne’s Empire

13. Pope Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

14. Medieval Economy Switch to more agrarian Roman roads in disrepair
Back to bartering
Germanic lords focus on self-sufficiency
Decline of literacy
Rise of manors
Small farms given to large landowners in exchange for political & physical protection

15. The Medieval Manor

16. Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work

17. Feudalism
A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

18. Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle

19. Parts of a Medieval Castle

20. The Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT
SQUIRE
PAGE

21. Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior

22. Revival of Western Europe 1000-1200
Growth in population and agricultural output
Reasons:
New technologies
Plow; draft harnesses, iron horseshoes, horse collar
Seaborne trade
Venice
Revival of coinage
Growth of cities
Esp. in Italy
Coincided & contributed to the CRUSADES!

23. The Crusades Contributions
Reforming leaders of the Latin Church promoted the Truce of God
Ambitious rulers were looking for new lands to conquer
Italian merchants wanted to increase trade in the eastern Mediterranean and acquire posts in Muslim territory
Rivalry between popes and kings
Desire of church to demonstrate political authority over western Chrisiandom

24. Focus on the Holy Land
Pious pilgrims often visited the relics of Rome or Constantinople
Some went to Antioch or Jerusalem
Pilgrims brought back tales from their trips
Battle of Manzikert
Seljuk Turks defeated Byzantines making pilgrimages difficult
Byzantine emperor asked both the Western Church for help to recapture the Kingdom of Heaven
“God wills it!”

25. Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

26. Setting Out on Crusade

27. The Crusades 1st – captured Jerusalem 1099
Muslims retook the city in 1187
Many attempts to retake the city
Defeated by Saladin
Christians lost Constantinople in last Crusade

28. Christian Crusades: East and West

29. Impact of the Crusades Exposure to Muslim culture & technology
Arabic translations on Greek philosophical & scientific works as well as Iranian & Arab original works stimulated European thought
Will lead into the Renaissance!

30. Medieval Universities

31. Oxford University

32. Late Medieval Town Dwellings

33. Medieval Trade

34. Medieval Guilds Guild Hall
Commercial Monopoly:
Controlled membership apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman
Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
Controlled prices