1. Medieval Church Bellwork
True or false: The Catholic Church was the largest landowner in Western Europe
True
What important parts of life were made official through the Church?
Birth, Marriage, and Death
What is it called when one pays a tax to the church called?
Tithe

2. Objective
WWBAT: Introduce the origins of the Christian Crusades and those people involved in the Crusades
WWBAT: Read and compare Muslin and Christian justifications for war

3. Interactive Notebook Setup
12/1/2016
Crusades Causes and Effects
This will be one page

4. Lead up to Crusades
The Crusades
Effects of Crusades

5. Lead Up to the Crusades Why are we going to the Holy Land?
To take back the Holy Land from the non Christians
To convert the non believers (Muslims)
To crush heretics
Not all Crusades were fought in the Holy Land. Southern France was the site of a Crusade
In Frankfurt Germany Crusaders on the way to the Holy Land killed 10,000 Jews just because they were not Christians

6. Lead Up to the Crusades Heresies
At about the same time the Crusades were starting people began to question the role and doctrine of the Catholic Church
Many heretics wanted to return to a simpler way of practicing Christianity
They rejected the wealth of the church

7. Lead Up to the Crusades Scholasticism
With the opening of universities in Europe people began to think more freely
People began to study law, philosophy, medicine, science
This new thought or scholasticism came into direct conflict with the church

8. Lead Up to the Crusades The Church response
To keep control of the masses the church set out strict guidelines or doctrines of practice
If these doctrines were not followed then punishment ranged from excommunication to torture and execution
At this time the church is often referred to as the Church Militant
The 4th Crusade was directed at those deemed heretics by the church, Jews, Muslims, and heretics
Crusades might unify Christians

9. Lead Up to the Crusades
As the years passed, reports spread that some Muslims had killed Christian pilgrims and destroyed churches
Though this likely was exaggerations of very infrequent events
European Christians were also increasingly intolerant of Muslims controlling the Holy Land
As tensions increased, war seemed inevitable.

10. Lead Up to the Crusades
The Great Schism of 1064, divided Christianity into Eastern Orthodox(Byzantine) and Roman Catholic (Europe)
The primary cause was a dispute over papal authority
Caused the first major division in Christianity in its history

11. Pope Urban II at Claremont
The Crusades
In 1095, Byzantine Emperor Alexios I contacted Pope Urban II about the threat of Turkish armies against Constantinople and the Fatamid Muslim’s control of Jerusalem
In November 1096, Pope Urban II considered Alexios’ plea, and called for a crusade against the Muslim Turks at the Council of Claremont
Pope Urban II at Claremont

12. Pope Urban II Background
“Enter upon the road to the Holy Sepulcher; the wicked race, and subject it to yourselves…”
Pope Urban II

13. The Crusades
The term Crusade best fits the wars fought between the Muslims and the Christians between 1095 and 1291

14. The Crusaders
Pope Urban offered indulgence removing all punishments due to sin for those who died on the Crusade
Serfs were allowed to leave the land they were bound to
Crusaders were exempted from taxes
Debtors were given a halt on interest
Prisoners were freed and death sentences were commuted by a bold extension of Papal authority to life service in Palestine

15. The Crusades What motivated the Crusaders
Genuine religious fervor from both Christian and Muslims (Our religions is better then yours)
Geopolitical conflict between Europe and the Middle East (Hey, your stealing our money, our trade and our land)
Europe wants in on Silk Road trade routes to China and the near East
Greed-European nobles want to make a name for themselves and get rich-spoils of war
Racial and religious prejudice “I hate you” concept

17. The Crusaders
The variety of motivations resulted in a many different people being involved in the Crusades
Men tired of hopeless poverty
Adventurers seeking action
Merchants looking for new markets
Lords whose enlisting serfs had left them laborless
Sincerely religious individuals wanting to rescue the land of Christ

19. +

21. The Crusades The First Crusade (1096-1099) Why
The Byzantine Empire had been fighting Muslims off for about 20 years
The Seljuk Turks had also taken the Holy Land and Jerusalem prior to the plea for help

22. The Crusades
Off we go
In 1096 a massive Christian army heads off to the Holy Land by the way of Constantinople
Along the way the crusaders destroy just about anything in their way (parts of Europe, Constantinople, the Holy Land)
By 1099 the Crusaders reached Jerusalem and placed it under siege
In a couple of weeks in 1099 Christians took Jerusalem, butchered every Muslim, Jew and even some Christians in the city
Jerusalem was now in the hands of the Christians

23. The Crusades What happened afterwards
The Crusaders established what was called the Latin Kingdoms
These kingdoms served as the military and political strongholds for the Christians in the Middle East
This allowed knights and nobles to
Own land
Become involved in trade and become rich

24. The Crusades The Latin Kingdoms
The Crusaders were able to hold on to these Kingdoms for about 200 years however at a cost
The Crusaders would have to fight a series of Crusades against the Turks, Arabs and other Muslims who wanted to drive the Christians out
When the Muslims were successful in taking back land from the Crusaders then the Crusaders would start another Crusade

25. The Crusades The Second Crusade (1146-1149)
One of the Latin Kingdoms falls to the Muslims
Some immediate defeats of the Turks
Ultimate the Christians were defeated

26. The Crusades The Third Crusade (1189-1192)
Saladin the military leader of the Muslims captures Jerusalem in 1187
Saladin is probably the greatest military leader the Muslims have ever known
Richard the Lion-Heart of England, Philip II Augustus of France and Frederick I Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire join together to fight Saladin

27. The Crusades The Third Crusade
Richard does some nasty things while fighting the Muslims
Killing every Muslim man, woman, and child in Acre
Both Richard and Saladin’s forces face off in a series of battles
Neither can gain the advantage on the other
The Crusade ends in a stalemate
Muslims keep Jerusalem but Christians were free to visit the city

28. The Crusades Later Crusades
From 1200 to about 1291 a series of very unsuccessful Crusades are launched against the Muslims and even Christians
The 4th Crusade ( )
In the 4th Crusade targeted the Christian city of Constantinople instead of the Muslims
(Crusaders were now just looking for land and wealth and saw a way to obtain it in Constantinople)
The ideals of Chivalry were dying out and knights and nobles were killing whom ever and taking whatever they wanted

30. The Crusades Later Crusades
In the 1200’s there was Children’s Crusade were young boys and girls went off to fight the Muslims
Guess just how this ended up? Lots of children captured and enslaved
Crusaders attacked Egypt and North Africa with little success
The Turks
During this same time the Turks were able to drive the Christians out of the Latin Kingdoms
Most of the early crusaders who had established the kingdoms had died or went home
In 1291 the last outpost for the Christians at Acre fell
Christian presence in the Middle east was abandoned
The Crusades were over

31. The Crusades Died Out Lack of interest, rising European prosperity
Repeated military defeats
Discredited by "crusades" against Christian Heretics
Against the Albigensians in France
Against the Hussites in Bohemia

32. Effects of Crusades
Historians frequently call the Crusades “a successful failure.”
While Europeans never regained permanent control of the Holy Land and many people were killed, cultural diffusion increased.
Europeans began to trade with the Middle East.

33. Effects of Crusades Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire
Vast increase in cultural horizons for many Europeans
Stimulated Mediterranean trade
Need to transfer large sums of money for troops and supplies led to development of banking techniques

34. Effects of Crusades Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of arms
Romantic and imaginative literature increased
European rediscovery of the Roman & Hellenistic knowledge which had been preserved by the Byzantine and Muslim Empires

35. Effects of Crusades Knowledge introduced to Europe
Heavy stone masonry, construction of castles and stone churches
Siege technology, tunneling, sapping.
Moslem minarets adopted as church spires
Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes in European
Enrichment was primarily from East to West--Europe had little to give in return.

36. Crusades Bellwork
What were three personal reasons why people might go on crusade?
Indulgences, Serfs getting to leave land, no taxes, halt on debtor, getting out of jail, adventure, religious belief
What were two more general reasons for European Crusades?
Take the holy land, convert Muslims, Silk Road Trade Routes, Religious Conflict, Unify Christianity

37. Objective
WWBAT: Discuss events on the crusades and the effects of the Crusades on Europe