1. IMMIGRANTS & URBANIZATION
Chapter 10

2. THE NEW IMMIGRANTS

3. Where did the immigrants come from?
B/w 1870 & 1920, about 20 million Europeans immigrated to the U.S.
Many from eastern & southern Europe.

5. Why did immigrants come here?
Escape religious persecution
Improve their economic situation
Experience greater freedom in the U.S.
Most European immigrants arrived on the East Coast.

6. Smaller # of immigrants came from Asia
Arrived on the West Coast
About 200,000 Chinese came b/w 1851 & 1883.
Many Chinese helped build the 1st transcontinental railroad.

7. Several thousand Japanese immigrants came when the U. S
Several thousand Japanese immigrants came when the U.S. annexed Hawaii in 1898.

8. FROM THE CARIBBEAN SEA…
From 1880 to 1920, about 260,000 immigrants arrived from Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, & other islands.
Many left b/c jobs were scarce.

9. MEXICANS COME TO U.S. TOO
Some became U.S. citizens when the nation acquired Mexican territory in 1848 as a result of the Mexican War.
About 1 million Mexicans arrived b/w 1910 to 1930 to escape turmoil in their country.

11. ELLIS ISLAND Most European immigrants to the U.S. arrived in New York.
Had to pass through immigration station located on Ellis Island in New York Harbor

12. PASSING INSPECTION…
Officials at Ellis Island decided whether the immigrants could enter the country.
If had serious health problems or a contagious disease was sent home

13. INSPECTION STATIONS

14. ANGEL ISLAND
Immigration station for the Asian immigrants arriving on the West Coast.
Located in San Francisco.
Inspection process more difficult than on Ellis Island.

15. They also formed organizations to help each other.
Many immigrants settled in communities w/other immigrants from same country.
They also formed organizations to help each other.

16. IMMIGRATION RESTRICTIONS
America called a MELTING POT…. Fact that many cultures & races had blended .
But, many immigrants refused to give up their culture….

17. Some Americans didn’t like so many immigrants living in the U.S.
NATIVISM- Obvious preference for native-born Americans.
Nativism gave rise to anti-immigrant groups. Also led to a demand for immigration restrictions.
NATIVISM

18. CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT 1882 Chinese immigrants worked for low wages.
Labor groups pressured politicians to restrict Asian immigration.
Banned all but a few Chinese immigrants.
Not lifted until 1943.

19. Chinese immigrants in a San Francisco naturalization class

20. CHALLENGES OF URBANIZATION

21. URBANIZATION Urbanization is the rapid growth of cities.
Many immigrants settled in cities in the early 1900’s.
Settled mostly in Northeast & Midwest cities to find jobs in the factories & businesses.

22. By 1910, immigrants made up over half of the populations of 18 major American cities.

23. AMERICANIZATION MOVEMENT
Way for immigrants to learn about U.S.
Schools taught them English, American history & government…helped them become citizens.
"Many Peoples, One Nation"  --slogan of the Committee for Immigrants in America, 1915

24. URBAN PROBLEMS… Shortage in housing.
New types of housing so people could live in a small amount of space.
1)Row house – Single family dwelling that shared side walls w/other houses.
2)Tenement – Multifamily urban houses often overcrowded & unsanitary.

26. MASS TRANSIT
Cities developed mass transit – transportation systems designed to move large # of people along fixed routes.

27. SANITATION PROBLEMS:
Cities had hard time supplying safe drinking water.
People threw garbage out their windows.
Sewage flowed in streets.
By 1900, many cities built sewers & created sanitation departments.

28. Crime & Fire also problems.

29. REFORMERS HELP THE POOR:
Social Gospel movement…Early reform program.
Leaders preached that people reached salvation by helping the poor – based on Biblical principles.
They established Settlement Houses.
Located in slums.
Help & friendship for
poor & immigrants.

30. JANE ADDAMS Many settlement houses run by women.
Jane Addams was well-known social reformer.
Established the HULL HOUSE in Chicago

31. POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE

32. POLITICAL MACHINES
During late 1800’s, many cities run by a Political machine.
This was an organized group, headed by a city boss, that controlled activities of a political party in a city.
Offered services to voters & businesses in exchange for political or financial support.

33. Many Political Bosses were Corrupt…
HOW?

34. GRAFT and FRAUD Many Bosses got rich through GRAFT-
the illegal use of political influence for personal gain.
To win elections, some filled the list of eligible voters w/names of dogs, children, & the dead – Voting Fraud

35. KICKBACKS
Workers on city projects would charge a higher price & then “kick back” part of the fee to the bosses.
Bosses also took bribes in return for allowing illegal or unsafe activities.

36. BOSS TWEED & TAMMANY HALL
William Marcy Tweed, a.k.a. “Boss Tweed”, one of the most powerful political bosses.
Head of Tammany Hall, New York City’s powerful Democratic machine.

37. TWEED RING Group of corrupt politicians led by Boss Tweed.
A political cartoonist, Thomas Nast, made fun of Tweed in newspapers.
Authorities broke up the Tweed Ring in 1871….Tweed & many of his followers sentenced to prison.

38. CIVIL SERVICE Merit VS. PATRONAGE
Civil Service- Government jobs.
Patronage- Giving of government jobs to people of the same party who had helped a candidate get elected.
Reformers called for a merit system. Civil service jobs would go to the most qualified, regardless of political views.

39. PRESIDENT HAYES
President Rutherford B. Hayes attempted to reform civil service.
Some members of Republican party objected.
Hayes decided not to run for reelection in 1880

40. REPUBLICAN PARTY DIVIDED
Stalwarts opposed changed in patronage system.
Reformers supported changing the system. (“halfbreeds” or “mugwumps”)
VS.
STALWARTS
REFORMERS

41. Republican Party settles on James A. Garfield, an independent candidate.
Twentieth President 1881
                

42. President Garfield Assassinated!!!
Garfield turned out to have ties to reformers…. Shortly after election, he was shot by a Stalwart!

43. It took more than 2 months for President Garfield to die.
V.P. Chester A. Arthur succeeded Garfield. He turned reformer when he became president.

44. PENDLETON CIVIL SERVICE ACT OF 1883
Created a civil service commission to give government jobs based on merit, not politics….Helped to reform civil service.

45. Business Buys Influence
Politicians no longer had jobs to offer. Had trouble seeking $ from supporters. Many turned to wealthy business leaders for support.

46. TARIFFS
Tariff is a tax placed on goods coming into or going out of a country.
Most Americans believed tariffs were necessary to protect U.S. industries from foreign competition.
Tariffs did cause prices to rise.

47. For 12 years, Tariffs were a key issue in presidential elections.

48. President Grover Cleveland
Democratic president who tried, but failed to reduce tariffs.

49. President Benjamin Harrison 1890
Republican who was supported by big business.
Signed the MCKINLEY TARIFF ACT into law.
Tariffs were raised to their highest level ever.

50. Cleveland defeats Harrison in 1892 to become President again!
He was unsuccessful in reducing tariffs.
                                  
Personal: • First Lady: Frances Cleveland, Wife • Wife's Maiden Name: Frances Folsom Cleveland • Number of Children: 5 • Education Level: No College • Religion: Presbyterian • Profession: Clerk, Teacher, Lawyer

51. LIFE at the Turn of the 20th Century!!
COMING NEXT….
LIFE at the Turn of the 20th Century!!

52. FINISHED!!!!