1. Chapter 34 Southeast and East Asia in the 20th century
“The Chinese People's Liberation Army is the great school of Mao Zedong Thought”
Ms. Sheets
AP World History

2. New Divisions and the End of Empires
Following WWII, Asia was reorganized by Allies.
Korea divided into USSR (N) and US (S) zone
S: Republic of Korea
N: People’s Democratic Republic of Korea
Taiwan under Kuomintang control (led by Chiang Kai-Shek)
Japan occupied by United States
Postwar decolonization: Philippines (U.S.), Indonesia (Dutch), Malaysia (British)
France hangs on to Indochina
Pacific Rim by 1960

3. South Korea Korean War (1950-1953): North invades South, 1950
U.S. supports S; China supports N
Indecisive conclusion: most territory same as pre-war status
North: communist; deeply repressive society led by totalitarian rule
South: parliamentary government
Early period of government characterized by corruption, and strict military leadership.
1980s: General elections, greater freedom of the press was slowly established.
Industrialization was heavily supported from the mid-1950s on (steel, automobiles); followed the Japanese model.
Growing population pressures led to state-supported birth control.

4. Taiwan (Republic of China)
Conquered by Qing Dynasty
Japanese control in WWII; give back to Kuomintang China
1950: After Chinese Civil War ends, Kuomintang retreated to Taiwan and occupy it with US support, while Mao and Communists controlled mainland China.
Mao and PRC claim island as part of mainland China
Taiwan claims it is Republic of China and has jurisdiction over mainland China
Aid from the US supported the Taiwanese into the 1960s.
US recognizes Taiwanese independence
1978: Death of Chiang Kai-shek
: Replaced by son Chiang Ching-kuo.
Rapid economic growth.
Involved in global textile trade
Improved education and cultural change.

5. Hong Kong and Singapore
Remained a British colony until 1997
1997: Returns to People’s Republic of China
Involved in global textile trade
Singapore
Under British rule until 1965, when it achieved independence.
Used as a naval port
Involved in textiles, electronics, oil
Largest city-state in the world
: Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew held tight power over its citizens.
Shipping; manufacturing; banking.
By about 1960, many of the smaller east Asian nations had achieved stability.

6. Japanese Recovery
In spite of extensive destruction during the war, Japan was able to recover quickly.
1952: American occupation ends, but Japan is heavily reorganized by the U.S.
Americans pressed for democratization:
Women’s suffrage
Encouraged unions
Abolished Shintoism as state religion.
New constitution: guaranteed civil liberties, limited military strength, made emperor symbolic; social security program for elderly
: Liberal Democratic Party monopolized Japanese government.
Economic development based on cooperation between public and private sectors
State supports birth control and abortion; state intervention has controlled population growth.
Corruption raises questions
Currently, Japan is a constitutional monarchy dominated by a political and economic oligarchy
Douglas MacArthur
and Emperor Hirohito

7. Japanese Culture Japanese cultural traditions have been preserved.
Kabuki (traditional Japanese theater with elaborate makeup and drama); poetry; tea ceremonies
Western influence shown by popularity of baseball, tennis, golf, American movies, art, music, and clothing.
Japanese women enjoyed more education, but spend more time on domestic duties due to traditional attitudes.
Feminism occurs, but is not nation-wide as in US; confined to intellectuals

8. Japanese Economic Surge
Japan’s economy grew remarkably, especially after 1950s.
Unions encouraged
Government played a large role in economic development
Spending little on the military, the government could afford to spend elsewhere
Encouraged high economic performance, especially in cars and electronics.
Cut into US and European markets
Current political issues: pollution and political corruption in rapidly expanding cities.

9. Quick Review Question Describe the history of Taiwan after WWII.
How does the United States affect Japan in the post-WWII era?

10. End of Chinese Civil War (1927-1950)
In the Chinese Civil War, the Communists defeat the Nationalists.
Chiang Kai-Shek and Nationalists escape to Taiwan
United Nations will not recognize PRC until 1972
Mao declared the People’s Republic of China.
Mao won support in China by defeating the Japanese, but also by land reform and by giving the peasants a central role in the government.
Worked to assert China’s traditional preeminence in East and Southeast Asia through the People’s Liberation Army.
Potential secession movements were repressed in inner Mongolia, Tibet.
Remodel China using a Soviet model
Cooperation between China and the Soviet Union diminished after the death of Stalin in the late 1950s.
Mao now saw himself as the leader amongst Communists.

11. Two Expectations for Women
Madam Chiang Kai-shek stressed traditional women’s roles
Result: greater support for Communists rather than for Nationalists.
Retreats to Taiwan with her husband
Jiang Qing (Mao’s wife) promoted legal equality for women.
Women rose in the military and could bear arms
More women worked outside the home as opportunities increased.
High positions were still usually held by men.

12. Early Attempts at Industrialization
Industrialization: Mao’s key goal.
1952: Land redistribution was led by purging the landowning class, with as many as 3 million executed.
1953: First five-year plan (Soviet-style) which nationalized industry
Mass Line approach (1955): collectivized farms, which reversed the distribution of land that had been achieved in 1952 but achieved communist holdings
Limiting family size (begins in 1960s)
Rural families ≤ 1; Urban families ≤ 2
By 1980s, only one child per family allowed
By 2007, couples who are both only children can have two children
Result is abortions; sterilizations; female infanticide

13. The Great Leap Forward (1958-1966)
The Great Leap Forward ( ): attempted to bring about industrialization at the local, rural level, supervised by peasant communes.
Aimed to move Mao away from Soviet communist model
1) Balance heavy industry with traditional Chinese agriculture
2) Mobilize all groups in China; size is an asset; more employment
3) Party zeal and unanimity; support Mao
4) Decentralization; no more bureaucracy and use strong local governments; people can do it!
Result:
Peasants were un-cooperative and resistant (used to bureaucratic centralism), in addition to corruption by officials
Too much labor diverted to GLF led to massive famine.
Untrained laborers
Complete failure; dismal output; bad harvests

14. Changes to Communism
During , in an attempt to halt the downward progress of the GLF, Mao allowed two of his largest supporters (Deng Xiaoping and Liu Shaoqi) to implement market-oriented policies to revive the economy
These men evolved away from Mao’s communism and egalitarianism (referred to as Pragmatists)
Opposed the Great Leap Forward and tried to stimulate the Chinese economy through market incentives, private enterprises, stock exchange
Mao was deeply unhappy with changes as he thought it was too far from Communism

15. The Cultural Revolution (1965-1968)
Cultural Revolution ( ): Mao’s opposition to the new pragmatist administration
Purify the party: Mao’s Red Guard forces attacked Mao’s rivals, who were killed, executed or exiled, as well as attacking educated and the elite.
Remove all of old China: destroyed much of China’s traditional culture which Mao believed privileged inequality in favor of a “new world”
Elementary education is ok; any more promotes inequality
Scholars sent to work in fields; libraries destroyed
The movement achieved the overthrow of the government Mao had hoped for, but then continued, out of control.
"Destroy the old world; Forge the new world." A Red Guard crushes the crucifix, Buddha, and classical Chinese texts with his hammer

16. Leadership After Mao Mao died in 1976; left party divided
1) Gang of Four (Jiang Qing and 3 Communist party leaders who had supported Cultural Revolution)
2) Military (powerful, especially in country)
3) Pragmatists (led by Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping): interested in Western reforms; get rid of collective farming
In 1978, Deng Xiaoping took over.
Emphasized four modernizations: 1) industry; 2) agriculture; 3) science; 4) military
Economic modernization; limited contact with other countries (US – Nixon); “open-door” trade (trade with everyone, even capitalist nations to boost economy); emphasize higher education (even college); emphasize central government, not local (back to tradition)
No democratic reforms, though  Tiananmen Square (1989), a pro-democracy movement by students

17. Quick Review Question What constitutes Mao’s Great Leap Forward?
What is the goal of the Cultural Revolution? What is targeted?
What happens after Mao’s death?

18. Ho Chi Minh and Vietnamese Marxism
Under French colonial rule, the emperor, bureaucracy, and Confucianism are discredited; Catholicism was promoted
French attempt to maximize profits: exacerbated overcrowding and migration of peasants to urban areas.
1920s-1930s: Rising nationalism centered around the defeat of the French
The Communist Party of Vietnam was led by Ho Chi Minh
Ho Chi Minh, Marxist trained in Russia, led the party and adapted Marxism to work for the peasant majority in Vietnam.
Mixed nationalism with communism
After Japanese invasion of Vietnam in WWII, France wanted to regain its colony but was vulnerable to rebellion.
1945: Ho Chi Minh declares an independent Vietnam.

19. Vietnam War (1956-1975) First French Indochina War (1946-1954)
Viet Minh (communist-dominated nationalist party) used guerilla fighting against the French and Japanese to gain control of northern Vietnam.
1946: French try to stabilize southern Vietnam.
1954: French were defeated; withdraw.
1954: Geneva Conference determined Vietnam will be divided into Viet Minh- controlled north and French south.
1955: In accordance with “containment,” US installed Ngo Dinh Diem as president of South Vietnam.
President Kennedy supported regime with ground and air power

20. Vietnam War ( )
Vietnam War (Second French Indochina War; )
1956: Communists in the south (Viet Cong) vs. Diem and Americans increased communist support Viet Minh.
US sent increasing support, including nearly 500,000 troops in 1968, but was finally forced to retreat in the 1970s.
1975: government in south fell; Communists rule north and south
1963: Thich Quang Duc’s self-immolation
Vietnamese Buddhist monk; protesting persecution of Buddhists (70-90% of population) by Catholic Ngo Dinh Diem

21. Continued Struggle in Vietnam
Vietnam is one of the leading exporters of rice (essentially single-export; leaves little for families)
Vietnam remains isolated from international aid, in part because of US international pressure.
Attempts put in place to impose hard-line Marxism failed to ease poverty.
From the 1980s, Vietnam has been more open to liberalizing and to outside investors, boosting economic growth.
Harsh conditions for workers: sweatshop conditions.

22. Quick Review Question What is the outcome of the First Indochina War?
How does the United States become involved in the Vietnam War?
Describe Vietnam today.