1. THE SUBJUNCTIVE

2. OVERVIEW – THE THREE MOODS
The subjunctive mood is an alternative set of verb forms found in the present, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect tenses but not in the future or future perfect (although a kind of future can be made with the verb esse (to be) and the future participle).
The subjunctive seems originally to have been employed to emphasise something happening in someone’s mind (a wish, thought etc.) rather than in reality but this meaning is not obvious in all of its uses
The ordinary verb forms you have been learning so far are known as the indicative mood and the forms of ordering someone to do something (e.g. valē, valēte) make up the imperative mood.

3. MAIN USES Hopes, wishes, deliberation, possibility
vivat Caesar! Long live Caesar! quid faciam What am I to do?
When/since clauses with `cum’
cum magister abesset, discipulī lūdere incēpērunt When the teacher was away, the students started to play
Mīlitēs, cum hostēs superāvissent, in castra revēnērunt When the soldiers had defeated the enemy, they went back to the camp.
Purpose clauses
Hannibal Alpēs trānsīvit ut Rōmānōs in Italiā oppugnāret Hannibal crossed the Alps so that he could attack the Romans in Italy
Result clauses
discipulī tantōs clāmōrēs sustulērunt ut caput mihi dōlēret The students made so much noise that my head hurt.
Reported questions
eum rogāvī ubi esset lātrīna I asked him where the toilet was.
Reported commands/advice etc.
centuriō mihi imperāvit ut carcerem custōdīrem The centurion ordered me to guard the prison
Modestum monēbō nē plūra loquātur. I’ll warn Modestus not to speak any more.
Subordinate clauses in reported speech
dīcunt custōdēs pūblicōs fūrem comprehendisse quī pecūniam abstulisset
They say the police have caught the thief who had stolen the money
Counter-factual or remote conditionals
sī Scipiō Hannibalem nōn vīcisset, Carthāgō domina Maris Mediterrāneī fuisset If Scipio had not defeated Hannibal, Carthage would have been mistress of the Mediterranean.
sī pecūniam habērēmus, vōs adiuvārēmus If we had money, we would help you.

4. PRESENT TENSE
Like footballers exchanging shirts at the end of a game, 1st conjugation (infinitive in –āre) and all other regular verbs (infinitives in –ere/ēre/īre) form the present subjunctive with the other side’s `signature vowel,’ adding personal endings after removing `ō’ from the first person singular indicative
The first conjugation uses `e’ instead of `a’ (e.g. amat > amet)
The other conjugations all use `a’(e.g dīcit > dīcat, monet > moneat, audit > audiat
The only other change is using `m’ instead of `o’ as the first person singular ending e.g. amo > amem

5. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE – VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE
amem

6. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE – VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE
amem
amēs

7. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE – VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE
amem
amēs
amet

8. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE – VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE
amem
amēs
amet
amēmus

9. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE – VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE
amem
amēs
amet
amēmus
amētis

10. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE – VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE
amem
amēs
amet
amēmus
amētis
ament

11. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE
amer

12. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE
amer
amēris

13. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE
amer
amēris
amētur

14. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE
amer
amēris
amētur
amēmur

15. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE
amer
amēris
amētur
amēmur
amēminī

16. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVE IN -ĀRE
amer
amēris
amētur
amēmur
amēminī
amentur

17. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE
moneam

18. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE
moneam
moneās

19. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE
moneam
moneās
moneat

20. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE
moneam
moneās
moneat
moneāmus

21. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE
moneam
moneās
moneat
moneāmus
moneātis

22. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE
moneam
moneās
moneat
moneāmus
moneātis
moneant

23. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE
monear

24. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE
monear
moneāris

25. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE
monear
moneāris
moneātur

26. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE
monear
moneāris
moneātur
moneāmur

27. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE
monear
moneāris
moneātur
moneāmur
moneāminī

28. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĒRE
monear
moneāris
moneātur
moneāmur
moneāminī
moneantur

29. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE
regam

30. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE
regam
regās

31. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE
regam
regās
regat

32. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE
regam
regās
regat
regāmus

33. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE
regam
regās
regat
regāmus
regātis

34. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE
regam
regās
regat
regāmus
regātis
regant

35. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE
regar

36. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE
regar
regāris

37. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE
regar
regāris
regātur

38. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE
regar
regāris
regātur
regāmur

39. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE
regar
regāris
regātur
regāmur
regāminī

40. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ERE
regar
regāris
regātur
regāmur
regāminī
regantur

41. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE
audiam

42. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE
audiam
audiās

43. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE
audiam
audiās
audiat

44. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE
audiam
audiās
audiat
audiāmus

45. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE
audiam
audiās
audiat
audiāmus
audiātis

46. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE
audiam
audiās
audiat
audiāmus
audiātis
audiant

47. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE
audiar

48. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE
audiar
audiāris

49. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE
audiar
audiāris
audiātur

50. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE
audiar
audiāris
audiātur
audiāmur

51. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE
audiar
audiāris
audiātur
audiāmur
audiāminī

52. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE VERBS WITH INFINITIVES IN -ĪRE
audiar
audiāris
audiātur
audiāmur
audiāminī
audiantur

53. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM
sim

54. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM
sim
sīs

55. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM
sim
sīs
sit

56. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM
sim
sīs
sit
sīmus

57. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM
sim
sīs
sit
sīmus
sītis

58. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM
sim
sīs
sit
sīmus
sītis
sint

59. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
The base for this tense is formed by adding the personal endings (-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt in the active) to the infinitive and lengthening the e where possible. Latin vowels cannot be long before nt or before final m, t or r so we get: em, –ēs, -et, -ēmus, -ētis, -ent (active) and er, –ēris, -ētur, -ēmur, -ēminī, -entur (passive)
For example:
amāre > amārem, amārēs, amāret etc.
audīre > audīrem, audīrēs, audīret etc.
esse > essem, essēs, esset etc.
ferre > ferrem, ferrēs, ferret etc.

60. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE
regerem

61. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE
regerem
regerēs

62. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE
regerem
regerēs
regeret

63. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE
regerem
regerēs
regeret
regerēmus

64. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE
regerem
regerēs
regeret
regerēmus
regerētis

65. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE
regerem
regerēs
regeret
regerēmus
regerētis
regerent

66. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE
regerer

67. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE
regerer
regerēris

68. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE
regerer
regerēris
regerētur

69. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE
regerer
regerēris
regerētur
regerēmur

70. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE
regerer
regerēris
regerētur
regerēmur
regerēminī

71. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE
regerer
regerēris
regerētur
regerēmur
regerēminī
regerentur

72. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
The base for this tense is formed by taking the final `e’ from the perfect infinitive and adding the endings –em, –ēs, -et, -ēmus, ētis, ent
For example:
amāvisse > amāvissem, amāvissēs, amāvisset etc.
audīvisse > audīvissem, audīvissēs, audīvisset etc.
fuisse > fuissem, fuissēs, fuisset etc.
tulisse > tulissem, tulissēs, tulisset etc.

73. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE
rēxissem

74. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE
rēxissem
rēxissēs

75. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE
rēxissem
rēxissēs
rēxisset

76. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE
rēxissem
rēxissēs
rēxisset
rēxissēmus

77. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE
rēxissem
rēxissēs
rēxisset
rēxissēmus
rēxissētis

78. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE
rēxissem
rēxissēs
rēxisset
rēxissēmus
rēxissētis
rēxissent

79. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE
rēctus essem

80. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE
rēctus essem
rēctus essēs

81. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE
rēctus essem
rēctus essēs
rēctus esset

82. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE
rēctus essem
rēctus essēs
rēctus esset
rēctī essēmus

83. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE
rēctus essem
rēctus essēs
rēctus esset
rēctī essēmus
rēctī essētis

84. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE
rēctus essem
rēctus essēs
rēctus esset
rēctī essēmus
rēctī essētis
rēctī essent

85. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
This tense in the active voice is very similar to the Future Perfect tense of the indicative but has –erim instead of –erō for the first person singular.
In the second person singular and the first and second person plural the `i’ linking the personal endings to the stem was originally long, but later became short. However, poets still make the `i’ long if it suits their metre! The Future perfect always has –eris, -erimus, -eritis but the Perfect Subjunctive has -erīs or -eris, -erīmus or -erimus, -erītis or –eritis. For example:
Mihi dīc num pēnsum perfēcerītis (or perfēceritis)
Tell me whether you have finished the job
The `i’ in -erit and –erint is never long (since only short vowels are allowed before –nt or final –t)
The PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE is made with the perfect participle and the PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE of sum (i.e. sim, sīs, sit, sīmus, sītis, sint )

86. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE
rēxerim

87. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE
rēxerim
rēxerīs (or –eris)

88. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE
rēxerim
rēxerīs (or –eris)
rēxerit

89. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE
rēxerim
rēxerīs (or –eris)
rēxerit
rēxerīmus(or –erimus)

90. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE
rēxerim
rēxerīs (or –eris)
rēxerit
rēxerīmus(or –erimus)
rēxerītis (or –eritis)

91. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE OF REGERE
rēxerim
rēxerīs (or –eris)
rēxerit
rēxerīmus(or –erimus)
rēxerītis (or –eritis)
rēxerint

92. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE
rēctus sim

93. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE
rēctus sim
rēctus sīs

94. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE
rēctus sim
rēctus sīs
rēctus sit

95. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE
rēctus sim
rēctus sīs
rēctus sit
rēctī sīmus

96. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE
rēctus sim
rēctus sīs
rēctus sit
rēctī sīmus
rēctī sītis

97. PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE OF REGERE
rēctus sim
rēctus sīs
rēctus sit
rēctī sīmus
rēctī sītis
rēctī sint