1. Chapter 1 Introduction

2. Forensics Definition INTRODUCTION
Application of ________ to criminal and
__________ laws
Application of science to those criminal and civil laws
Enforced by _____________ agencies in
a criminal ____________ system
INTRODUCTION

3. History and Development of Forensic Science
Important Names

4. History
Mathieu ___________—the father of forensic toxicology.
Alphonse __________—devised the first scientific system of personal identification in 1879.
Francis ________________—conducted the first definitive study of
_______________ and their classification.
INTRODUCTION

5. History INTRODUCTION Leone _____________—developed a
procedure to determine ________ type from dried bloodstains.
Calvin _________—used a comparison ________________ to determine if a particular gun fired a bullet.
Albert _____________—developed the fundamental principles of _____________ examination.
INTRODUCTION

6. Figure 1–1   Bertillon’s system of bodily measurements as used for the identification of an individual. Courtesy Sirchie Finger Print Laboratories, Inc., Youngsville, N.C.,

7. History INTRODUCTION Walter __________—utilized
_______________ and other analytical methodologies to examine evidence.
Hans _____________—wrote the first treatise describing the application of
________________ principles to the field of criminal investigation.
INTRODUCTION

8. History
Edmond ________—incorporared Gross’ principles within a workable crime laboratory.
Locard’s _____________ _________—states that when a criminal comes in contact with an object or person, a
____________________of evidence occurs.
INTRODUCTION

9. A Murder solved using Locard’s
A french woman was murdered. Her boyfriend was questioned but he said he was playing cards with his friends. His friends backed his alibi.
The woman had been strangled. Locard found residue under the boyfriends nails and later discovered it to be make-up.
Did he do it? How?

10. The Crime Lab Issues INTRODUCTION Rapid __________
Lack of national and regional planning and coordination.
Approximately__________public crime laboratories
INTRODUCTION

11. The Crime Lab INTRODUCTION Result of:
Supreme court decisions in the 1960s
Greater emphasis on ____________ evaluated evidence
Drug specimens
Accelerated drug ________
DNA _______________
INTRODUCTION

12. Employment Outlook
Increased reliance by police agencies on ____________ personnel
Highly‑sophisticated _____________ analysis of evidence
DNA _________of convicted offenders (state & national)
Re‑opening of old cases

13. Crime Lab Organization

14. Five Basic Services INTRODUCTION Physical science unit: Biology unit:
___________
_________
__________
Identify and compare physical evidence
Biology unit:
________ samples
Body __________
Fiber samples
INTRODUCTION

15. Five Basic Services INTRODUCTION __________ Unit: Discharged bullets
Cartridge cases
Shotgun shells
Ammunition
____________ unit:
Handwriting analysis
Other questioned-document
INTRODUCTION

16. Technical Support INTRODUCTION _____________ Unit: Optional services
Specialized photographic techniques
Record and examine physical evidence
Optional services
Toxicology
_________print analysis
__________print analysis
Evidence collection
___________ administration
INTRODUCTION

17. Functions of the Forensic Scientist

18. Job Activities: analysis
Biological and physical analysis of
evidence gathered from a _______ or __________ scene
Judicial “generally
accepted” (__________ v. US)
Trial judge as ___________

19. Job Activities: testimony
Court testimony
“________” witness
Evaluation of ________
Opinion offered
No absolute certainty

20. The Frye Standard INTRODUCTION
Set _____________ for determining the admissibility of scientific evidence into the courtroom
Must be “generally ___________” by the scientific community
INTRODUCTION

21. Daubert Criteria Technique/theory tested Peer ______________
Rate of error
Standards for operation
Widespread _____________ within scientific community

22. Job Activities: training
Training in recognition, collection
and ____________ of evidence
Agencies without
__________evidence techs
Officers trained

23. Special Forensic Science Services
INTRODUCTION

24. Additional Specialization
DNA analysis
Human
_____ human
Criminalistics
_______ prints
Pollen
Arson
Engineering sciences
Physical anthropology
Psychiatry
Pathology
Odon_______
Toxic_______
Entom_______
Geology
Jurisprudence

25. Figure 1–8  Typical blowfly life cycle from egg deposition to adult fly emergence. This cycle is representative of any one of the nearly ninety species of blowflies in North America. Courtesy E. P. Catts, Ph.D., deceased, and Neal H. Haskell, Ph.D., forensic entomology consultant

26. Forensic Pathology INTRODUCTION
___________ of unnatural, unexplained, or violent deaths
Medical __________ or coroners
Determines ________________
Conducts _______________
INTRODUCTION

27. Stages Of Death INTRODUCTION Rigor ___________
______________ of muscle tissue
______________ of body parts in the
position at death
First _____ hours to 36 hours post mortem
INTRODUCTION

28. Stages Of Death INTRODUCTION __________ mortis
__________ of blood in areas of the body closest to the ground
Begins ____________ on death and
continues up to _______ hours
INTRODUCTION

29. Stages Of Death INTRODUCTION Algor ___________
Loss of _______ by a body
Begins about an hour _______ death
Loses ______ by 1 to 1-1/2 degrees fahrenheit per _______ until the body reaches the environmental temperature
INTRODUCTION

30. Summary

31. A. Bite marks C. DNA fingerprinting
Questions
1. Ted Bundy was an American serial killer who was convicted on the basis of which type of forensic evidence?
A. Bite marks C. DNA fingerprinting
B. Latent fingerprints D. Ballistics

32. 2. The time of death can be calculated by various means
2. The time of death can be calculated by various means. One is rigor mortis, Latin for 'the stiffness of death'. Another indication is livor mortis or lividity. What does this term refer to?
A. Cloudiness in the eyes
B. Gravitational pooling of blood
C. Degree of digestion of stomach contents
D. Relaxation of muscles following to rigor mortis

33. 3. When attempting to identify a skeleton, craniofacial morphology (the structure and form of the skull and face) is the best indicator of race. One group of human beings has a unique, rounded jaw bone which is called a 'rocker jaw'. This is a characteristic of which ethnic group?
A. Australian Aborigines C. African Americans
B. Chinese D. Hawaiians