1. Carbon Nanomaterials and Technology
EE 6909
Dr. Md. Sherajul Islam
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Khulna University of Engineering & Technology
Khulna, Bangladesh

2. Nano Nano = 10-9 or one billionth in size
Introduction
Nano
10-9
10-6
10-3
100
103
106
109 m
Nano = 10-9 or one billionth in size
Materials with dimensions and tolerances in the range of 100 nm to 0.1 nm
One nanometer spans 3-5 atoms lined up in a row
Human hair is five orders of magnitude larger than nanomaterials
The Technical Committee (TC-229) for nanotechnologies standardization of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines nanotechnology as “the application of scientific knowledge to control and utilize matter at the nanoscale, where size-related properties and phenomena can emerge (the nanoscale is the size range from approximately 1 nm to 100 nm).

3. Graphene New wonder material !!! Desalination Graphene latest miracle
Introduction
New wonder material !!!
Advaced Graphene Synthesis
Large domain / High quality Transfer free / Large scale etc.
energy
device
display
bio
communication
automobile
military
flexible
One material Versatile application
Graphene
Desalination
Graphene latest miracle
The potential applications of nanotubes will rely on the progress made in understanding their fundamental physics and chemistry.

4. Graphene Why graphene promising ?
Introduction
Why graphene promising ?
Electron mobility ~ 200,000 cm2/(V·s) (Si at RT~1400 cm2/(V·s))
Current density ~ 108 A/cm2 (Copper ~ 400 A/cm2 )
Graphene
Light transmittance 97.7 %
Graphene 200 times stronger than structural steel
The potential applications of nanotubes will rely on the progress made in understanding their fundamental physics and chemistry.
Mass less Dirac fermions
Graphene could replace other materials in existing applications

5. Introduction
The potential applications of nanotubes will rely on the progress made in understanding their fundamental physics and chemistry.

6. Introduction
The potential applications of nanotubes will rely on the progress made in understanding their fundamental physics and chemistry.

7. Introduction
The potential applications of nanotubes will rely on the progress made in understanding their fundamental physics and chemistry.

8. Carbon Atomic radius: 0.077 nm Basis in all organic componds
Introduction
Carbon
Melting point: ~ 3500oC
Atomic radius: nm
Basis in all organic componds
10 mill. carbon componds

9. Introduction
The potential applications of nanotubes will rely on the progress made in understanding their fundamental physics and chemistry.

10. Introduction
The potential applications of nanotubes will rely on the progress made in understanding their fundamental physics and chemistry.

11. Introduction
The potential applications of nanotubes will rely on the progress made in understanding their fundamental physics and chemistry.

12. Introduction
The potential applications of nanotubes will rely on the progress made in understanding their fundamental physics and chemistry.

13. Nanocarbon Fullerene Tubes Cones Carbon black Horns Rods Foams
Introduction
Nanocarbon
Fullerene
Tubes
Cones
Carbon black
Horns
Rods
Foams
Nanodiamonds

14. Nanocarbon Fullerene Tubes Cones Carbon black Horns Rods Foams
Introduction
Nanocarbon
Fullerene
Tubes
Cones
Carbon black
Horns
Rods
Foams
Nanodiamonds

15. Nanocarbon Fullerene Tubes Cones Carbon black Properties & Application
Introduction
Nanocarbon
Fullerene
Tubes
Cones
Carbon black
Properties & Application
Electrical
Mechanical
Thermal
Storage

16. Properties
Bonding
Graphite – sp2
Diamond – sp3

17. Properties
Nanocarbon
Shenderova et al. Nanotechnology 12 (2001) 191.

18. Properties
Nanocarbon
6 + 6 pentagons
1 – 5 pentagons
12 pentagons

19. Fullerene ”The most symmetrical large molecule” Discovered in 1985
Properties
Fullerene
”The most symmetrical large molecule”
Discovered in 1985
- Nobel prize Chemistry 1996, Curl, Kroto, and Smalley
C60, also 70, 76 and 84.
- 32 facets (12 pentagons and 20 hexagons)
- prototype
Epcot center, Paris
~1 nm
Architect: R. Buckminster Fuller

20. Fullerene Symmetric shape Large surface area Properties → lubricant
→ catalyst

21. Fullerene Symmetric shape Large surface area High temperature (~500oC)
Properties
Fullerene
Symmetric shape
→ lubricant
Large surface area
→ catalyst
High temperature (~500oC)
High pressure

22. Fullerene Symmetric shape Large surface area High temperature (~500oC)
Properties
Fullerene
Symmetric shape
→ lubricant
Large surface area
→ catalyst
High temperature (~500oC)
High pressure
Hollow
→ caging particles

23. Fullerene Symmetric shape Large surface area High temperature (~500oC)
Properties
Fullerene
Symmetric shape
→ lubricant
Large surface area
→ catalyst
High temperature (~500oC)
High pressure
Hollow
→ caging particles
Ferromagnet?
- polymerized C60
- up to 220oC

24. Fullerene Chemically stable as graphite
Properties
Fullerene
Chemically stable as graphite
- most reactive at pentagons
Crystal by weak van der Waals force
Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7the ed

25. Fullerene Chemically stable as graphite
Properties
Fullerene
Chemically stable as graphite
- most reactive at pentagons
Crystal by weak van der Waals force
Superconductivity
- K3C60: 19.2 K
- RbCs2C60: 33 K
Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7the ed

26. Properties
Nanotube
Discovered 1991, Iijima
Roll-up vector:

27. Properties
Nanotube
Discovered 1991, Iijima
Roll-up vector:

28. Nanotube Electrical conductanse depending on helicity If
Properties
Nanotube
Electrical conductanse depending on helicity If
, then metallic
else semiconductor

29. Nanotube Electrical conductanse depending on helicity If
Properties
Nanotube
Electrical conductanse depending on helicity If
, then metallic
Current capacity
Carbon nanotube 1 GAmps / cm2
Copper wire MAmps / cm2
Heat transmission
Comparable to pure diamond (3320 W / m.K)
Temperature stability
Carbon nanotube oC (in air)
Metal wires in microchips 600 – 1000 oC
Caging
May change electrical properties
→ sensor
else semiconductor

30. Nanotube High aspect ratio: Length: typical few μm → quasi 1D solid
Properties
Nanotube
High aspect ratio:
Length:
typical few μm
→ quasi 1D solid
Possible to grow infinite long SWCNT?
Diameter:
as low as 1 nm

31. Nanotube High aspect ratio: Length: typical few μm → quasi 1D solid
Properties
Nanotube
High aspect ratio:
Length:
typical few μm
→ quasi 1D solid
Possible to grow infinite long SWCNT?
Diameter:
as low as 1 nm
SWCNT – 1.9 nm
Zheng et al. Nature Materials 3 (2004) 673.

32. Nanotubes Carbon nanotubes are the strongest ever known material.
Properties
Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes are the strongest ever known material.
Young Modulus (stiffness):
Carbon nanotubes GPa
Carbon fibers GPa (max.)
High strength steel GPa
Tensile strength (breaking strength)
Carbon nanotubes GPa
Carbon fibers GPa
High strength steel ~ 2 GPa
Elongation to failure : ~ %
Density:
Carbon nanotube (SW) 1.33 – 1.40 gram / cm3
Aluminium gram / cm3

33. Mechanical Carbon nanotubes are very flexible Properties
Nanoscience Research Group
University of North Carolina (USA)

34. Cones Discovered 1994 (closed form) Ge & Sattler
Properties
Cones
Discovered 1994 (closed form) Ge & Sattler
1997 (open form) Ebbesen et al.
Li et al. Nature 407 (2000) 409.
Closed: same shape as HIV capsid
Possible scale-up production (open form)
Storage?
→ Hydrogen
Large scale?
19.2 o
38.9 o
60.0 o
84.6 o
112.9 o
Scale bar: 200 nm
Krishnan, Ebbesen et al. Nature 388 (2001) 241.

35. Carbon black Large industry
Properties
Carbon black
Large industry
- mill. tons each year
Tires, black pigments, plastics, dry-cell batteries, UV-protection etc.
Size: 10 – 400 nm

36. Writing C60: 1000x better resolution than ink (Xerox)
Application
Writing
Carbon – graphite
C60: 1000x better resolution than ink (Xerox)

37. CNT / polymer composite
Application
CNT / polymer composite
Current technology
- carbon black
- 10 – 15 wt% loading
- loss of mechanical properties
CNT composites
- 0.1 – 1 wt% loading
- low perculation treshold

38. CNT / polymer composite
Application
CNT / polymer composite
Transparent electrical conductor
- Thickness: 50 – 150 nm
- High flexibility
Suspension of purified nanotubes onto a filtration membrane.
Wu et al. Science 305 (2004) 1273.

39. Application
Electric devices

40. Transistor Semiconductor, Si-based Vacuum tubes Application
- Nobel prize 1956, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain.
- 2000, Kilby.
Vacuum tubes
- Nobel prize 1906, Thomson.
                      
IBM, 1952.

41. Transistor SWCNT - 2.6 GHz, T = 4 K - Logical gates Application
Emitter
Collector
The current can be swiched on and off in about 0.1 nanosecond. Fastest nanotube transistor made to date.
Base
Bachtold, Dekker et al. Science 294 (2001) 1317.
Li et al. Nano Lett. 4 (2004) 753.

42. Application
Antenna

43. Application
Antenna
Dipole
Radio wave:
~ 3/4 m

44. Antenna Dipole Nanotube Radio wave: Optical wave: Application ~ 3/4 m
Dekker, Phys. Today May (1999) 22

45. Application
Flat screen displays
Plasma TV

46. Flat screen displays Field emission Application
Saito et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 37 (1998) L346.

47. Atomic Force Microscopy
Application
Atomic Force Microscopy
Nobel prize

48. Atomic Force Microscopy
Application
Atomic Force Microscopy
Eldrid Svåsand, IFE, Kjeller

49. Atomic force microscopy
Application
Atomic force microscopy
Tube or cone
Chemical probe
Wong, Lieber et al. Nature 394 (1998) 52.

50. Application
Yarn
Zhang, Atkinson and Baughman, Science 306 (2004) 1358.

51. Yarn Application MWCNT Operational -196oC < T < 450oC
Electrical conducting
Toughness comparable to Kevlar
No rapture in knot
Toughness – work needed to break the yarns.
Zhang, Atkinson and Baughman, Science 306 (2004) 1358.

52. Hydrogen storage 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O (l) + energy H2 (200 bar)
Application
Hydrogen storage
2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O (l) + energy
H2 (200 bar)
Mg2NiH
LaNi5H6
H2 (liquid)
3.16 wt%
1.37 wt%
Schlapbach & Züttel, Nature 414 (2001) 353

53. Hydrogen storage Aim: 5 - 7 wt% H2 SWCNT Cones
Application
Hydrogen storage
Aim: wt% H2
SWCNT
- Dillon et al. (1997) : 8 wt% (questionable)
- Tarasov et al. (2003): 2.4 wt% reversible, 25 bar H2, -150oC.
Cones
- Mealand & Skjeltorp, (2001) US Patent 6,290,753
Debated: metal impurities absorbe hydrogen, small samples -> difficulties with calibrations
Mainly physisorption (~90%), chemisoption -> released at temp. higher than 450 C.
Eldrid Svåsand, IFE Kjeller

54. Warnings Environment and health
Conclusion
Warnings
Environment and health
No scale-up production of fullerenes and tubes
No scale-up design, yet.

55. Conclusion Nanocarbon Properties Applications
- fullerene ”most symmetrical”
- tubes ”strongest”
- cones ”one of the sharpest”
- carbon black - ”large production”
Properties
- electrical, mechanical, thermal, storage, caging
Applications
- antenna, composite, writing, field emission, transistor, yarn, microscopy, storage

56. Commercial Companies: ~ 20 worldwide Prices: - SES Research - n-Tec
- Carbon Nanotechnologies Inc. (CNI)
- SES Research
- n-Tec
Prices:
- Tubes: pure SWCNT $500 / gram (CNI)
MWCNT € / gram (n-Tec)
- C60 : pure $ / gram (SES Research)
- Cones: Multi € 1 / gram (n-Tec)
- Gold : $10 / gram