1. APUSH Review: America’s History, Chapter 19

2. The New Metropolis The Shape of the Industrial City
Steam engines replaced water power in cities
Mass Transit
Trolley cars, elevated railroads, and subways emerged in large cities
Skyscrapers
First appeared in Chicago - Chicago School led by Louis Sullivan
Allowed landowners to make $ on small plots of land by building up
The Electric City
Electricity emerged in cities in the later 19th century
“A light is as good as a policeman.”

3. The New Metropolis
Newcomers and Neighborhoods
Men and women moved to cities from rural areas (in addition to immigrants)
Financial opportunities were available
Immigrants often lived in the same communities - ethnic clustering
Many institutions served ethnic communities - newspapers, singing societies, Yiddish theater, etc.
African Americans began moving to cities (more so after WWI)
Virtually all faced discrimination - few jobs were available
Porters and domestic servants
Race Riots:
Attacks on African Americans by white mobs - Atlanta, 1906, 24 blacks were killed
Tenement Houses - (Dumbell Tenements)
5-6 story, cramped apartments, many families sharing few rooms
Key Concept 6.1, II, A, The industrial workforce expanded through migration across national borders and internal migration, leading to a more diverse workforce, lower wages, and an increase in child labor.

4. The New Metropolis City Cultures Urban Amusements
Vaudeville Theater - music, skits, and magic shows
Nickelodeons - $.05 movie theaters
Amusement parks - Coney Island, NY - inspired other amusement parks throughout the country
Ragtime and City Blues
Ragtime - popular among all classes and races
Introduced at the Chicago’s World Fair in Devil in the White City, Erik Larsen
Blues - appealed to individuals in cities - spoke of handwork and heartache
Sex and the City
Dating became more acceptable in large cities without chaperones
Men often paid for women since women had little $ - earned less wages
New York City had a large gay population Stonewall Riots

5. The New Metropolis City Cultures High Culture
Rich helped promote museums - some out of a sense of duty
NY’s MOMA in 1880
Andrew Carnegie helped create over 1,000 libraries across the nation - Gospel of Wealth
Urban Journalism
Yellow Journalism - sensationalizing and exaggerating news stories in order to sell newspapers
Cause of the Spanish-American War
Looking for a good book on yellow journalism? Murder of the Century, Paul Collins
Muckrakers - term coined by Teddy Roosevelt to describe the journalists that exposed corruption and problems of society

6. Governing the Great City
**The Shame of the Cities** - Lincoln Steffens:
Wrote about the corruption between municipal (city) governments and big businesses
Urban Machines
Many utilities were provided by private businesses, not the city government
Political Machines: (See video on Tammany Hall in description)
Tammany Hall, NYC
Controlled many aspects of city government
Provided jobs, food, $, etc. to constituents in exchange for votes and support
George Washington Plunkitt - leader of Tammany Hall, favored “honest graft”
“Boss” Tweed - favored “dishonest graft” - bribery, stole over $200 million, later caught in Cuba due to Thomas Nast!
The Limits of Machine Government
Mayors (Quincy in Boston) began to build public pools, gyms, playgrounds and other spaces
Also fought to lower fares on streetcars
Key Concept 6.2, II, D In an urban atmosphere where the access to power was unequally distributed, political machines provided social services in exchange for political support, settlement houses helped immigrants adapt to the new language and customs, and women’s clubs and self-help groups targeted intellectual development and social and political reform.

7. Crucibles of Progressive Reform
Fighting Dirt and Vice
***How the Other Half Lives*** - Jacob Riis
Helped expose plight of the poor in tenement houses
Looking for a good book? Island of Vice, Richard Zacks
Cleaning Up Urban Environments
Disease spread through cities quickly - cholera, typhoid fever - led to a clean-water initiative
New sewage and drainage systems were established in large cities
“City Beautiful” movement - sought to increase and improve the number of park spaces
Closing Red Light Districts
Reasons that women entered prostitution:
Low paying jobs, hard economic times, abuse, etc.
Mann Act - made it illegal to transport prostitutes across state lines
Key Concept 6.1, I, D.: As cities grew substantially in both size and in number, some segments of American society enjoyed lives of extravagant “conspicuous consumption,” while many others lived in relative poverty.

8. Crucibles of Progressive Reform
The Movement for Social Settlements
Hull House - Jane Addams, Chicago, IL, 1889
Helped poor women, immigrants, and children adjust to city life
Provided a bathhouse, day care, etc.
Inspired other settlement houses through the country
Became instrumental in social work and the Progressive movement
Margaret Sanger:
Advocated birth control (illegal in many areas at the time)
Key Concept 6.3, II, C: Challenging their prescribed “place,” women and African American activists articulated alternative visions of political, social, and economic equality.

9. Crucibles of Progressive Reform
Cities and National Politics
Upton Sinclair - The Jungle (1906)
Helped inspire the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
National Consumer’s League (NCL) - led by Florence Kelley
Advocated laws to protect workers
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire - March 25, 1911
146 employees died - average age was 19
Alfred Smith - NY state legislator and future presidential candidate established a commission to investigate the disaster
Helped inspire new laws
Frances Perkins - saw the fire from Columbia University
Became the first woman appointed to a presidential cabinet (FDR)
Looking for a good book? Triangle - David von Drehle

10. Quick Recap For Chapter 19
Tenement Houses - Jacob Riis
Immigrants lived in similar communities
Yellow Journalism - Spanish American War
Muckrakers
Political Machines - Boss Tweed
Settlement Houses - Jane Addams and the Hull House
The Jungle and its effects
Frances Perkins

11. See You Back Here for chapter 20!
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