1. Renaissance-the Age of Exploration
Period 4 Vocab
Renaissance-the Age of Exploration

2. Renaissance: (Italian and Northern)
Italian Renaissance: a period of great cultural change and achievement that began in Italy during the 14th century and lasted until the 16th century
Northern Renaissance: occurred in Europe north of the Alps (Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany, and England). Before 1497, Italian Renaissance humanism had little influence outside Italy.

3. Leonardo Da Vinci
( ) was a painter, architect, inventor, and student of all things scientific

4. Brunelleschi
an Italian designer and a key figure in architecture, recognized to be the first modern engineer, planner and sole construction supervisor.

5. Copernicus
a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe.

6. Humanism
prime importance is placed on human rather than divine or supernatural matters

7. Realism
representing a person, thing, or situation accurately or in a way that is true to life.

8. Protestant Reformation
The 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe

9. John Calvin
French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism

10. Commercial Revolution
was a period of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately the late 13th century until the early 18th century.

11. John Locke ( )
English philosopher and political theorist. He advanced a theory of the self as a blank page, with knowledge and identity arising only from accumulated experience. He developed a political theory of government by the consent of the governed as a means to protect “life, liberty and estate”.

12. Caravel
a small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean

13. Treaty of Tordesillas (June 7, 1494)
agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers. Issued by Pope Alexander VI.

14. Mercantilism
 economic theory and practice, dominant in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century, that promoted governmental regulation of a nation's economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers.

15. Triangular Trade
a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions (Europe, Africa, and the Americas)

16. Middle Passage
the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade.

17. landed estates of significant size.
Hacienda
 landed estates of significant size. 

18. Encomienda
Created in 1512, the system was used by the Spanish to control and regulate American Indian labor and behavior during the colonization of the Americas.

19. Safavid Empire ( )
Iranian dynasty that established Shīʿite Islam as the state religion of Iran

20. Ottoman Empire ( )
empire created by Turkish tribes in Anatolia (Asia Minor) that grew to be one of the most powerful states in the world during the 15th and 16th centuries. The Ottoman period spanned more than 600 years and came to an end only in 1922

21. Mughal Empire ( )
Muslim dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century

22. Ming Dynasty ( )
the ruling dynasty of China for 276 years following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty

23. Zheng He
admiral and diplomat who helped to extend the maritime and commercial influence of China throughout the regions bordering the Indian Ocean