1. NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
Politics and the State

3. More of a blend of old and new
Studied Greek and Hebrew texts for a greater understanding of Christianity
Northern humanists interpreted Italian ideas in terms of their own traditions.
They were more religious
They stressed the Bible and early Christian themes
They developed an ethical way of life
Classical and Christian cultures should be combined
They had a profound faith in the human intellect
People could be improved through education

4. Northern Humanists In Germany:
Western and southern Germany were economically advanced
14th century - mystics like Thomas a Kempis believed the human soul could communicate with God
They did not rebel against the Church but wanted a deeper religion

5. In England
Moore was trained as a lawyer
Deeply interested in the classics
Entered government under Henry VIII
Wrote Utopia where all children receive a humanist education.

6. Moore believed private property caused vices and civil disorder
Lost his life to maintain his convictions

7. Low Countries Erasmus had a deep appreciation for the classics
Most well-respected man in Europe
Wrote The Education of a Christian Prince and The Praise of Folly
Critical of the church without wanting to get rid of it

8. 15th and 16 Century Monarchs
The New Monarchs
15th and 16 Century Monarchs

9. ‘new monarchs’
A new breed of leaders - ruthless, preferred security to love
Outside of Italy they were actively building states
They used the monarchy to guarantee law and order
The despots of Italy, Henry VII of England, Louis XI of France, Ferdinand of Aragon
All Machiavellian (but could not have read The Prince)
They tended to rely on the new middle class (bourgeoisie)
Saw their job as linking all classes within a national boundary (beginnings of the State)

10. Characteristics of the New Monarchies
They offered the institution of monarchy as a guarantee of law and order.
They proclaimed that hereditary monarchy was the legitimate form of public power  all should accept this without resistance.
They enlisted the support of the middle class in the towns (bourgeoisie) tired of the local power of feudal nobles.
They would have to get their monarchies sufficiently organized & their finances into reliable order.

11. Characteristics of the New Monarchies
They would break down the mass of feudal, inherited, customary, or “common” law in which the rights of the feudal classes were entrenched.
The kings would MAKE law, enact it by his own authority, regardless of previous custom or historic liberties  What pleases the prince has the force of law!

12. England (The Tudors)  stability under the Tudors
France (The Valois) consolidation of power.
Spain (Ferdinand and Isabella)  unification by marriage.
HR Empire (A Mess) different model: the cost of decentralization.

13. FRANCE Charles VII revived the monarchy expelled the English
increased the influence of the middle class
strengthened finances through taxes like salt (gabelle) and land (taille)
created first permanent royal army
by the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438) asserted French Church supremacy over the papacy
crown could appoint bishops

14. The Valois Dynasty in France

15. France in the 15c – 16c

16. Louis XI His son, Louis XI (Valois) was a Renaissance prince
Promoted industry improved the army signed international treaties
The Estates General met only once during his reign
1516 Francis I signed the Concordat of Bologna which rescinded the Pragmatic Sanction - king could appoint bishops (keeping France Catholic)

17. ENGLAND Decimated by the Black Death
The Tudors ( ) won War of the Roses
They passed laws against nobles having standing armies
Henry VII promoted peace and order by encouraging trade
The monarch did not depend on government for money
Royal Council (Star Chamber) was the center of authority and operated under Roman Law
accused people were not entitled to see the evidence against them
sessions were in secret
torture was often used
there were no juries

19. The Tudors of England

20. SPAIN
Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon married (1469) and united the regions
Restructured the royal council - excluded the rich and powerful
The church was the linchpin of the reform.
Alliance with the Spanish pope Alexander VI Spanish monarchs gained great power and a national church
Reconquista (1492) - expulsion of the Jews and Moors from Spain, lasted over 100 years
inquisition - the ruthless court that decided if conversos (the converted) were telling the truth later used against the Protestants

21. Charles V
Ferdinand and Isabella expelling all Jews from Spain had major economic consequences
Absolute religious orthodoxy and pure blood were the foundation of Spain
Ferdinand and Isabella’s daughter Joanna married Philip. Their son was Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor.
Charles V - the ‘Universal Monarch’

22. Germany Part of the Holy Roman Empire
Local lords recognized the supremacy of the Emperor, who was elected by 7 Electors
1452 Archduke of Austria (Habsburg) was elected Emperor Maximilian I ( )
He married the heiress of the Duke of Burgundy
Their son, Philip married Mad Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella
Their son was Charles V

23. The Habsburg Dynasty

24. Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain
The Madonna of the Monarchs

25. Kingdoms of Spain: 1492

27. Women - The status of upper-class women declined
- women generally had less power than in the Middle Ages
- Renaissance humanism represented an educational advance for a small minority.
- Women had to choose marriage or education
- Education brought jealousy and envy
- Girls in the upper-class were taught how to dance, paint, and play music - they were decorative
- Women belonged at home
- Educational opportunities were severely limited Literary and art works had no effect on ordinary women
- Women were a sign of wealth.