1. European Explorations
The Age of Early
European Explorations
& Conquests

2. Earlier Explorations Islam & the Spice Trade  Malacca
A New Player  Europe
Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271
Expansion becomes a state enterprise  monarchs had the authority & the resources.
Better seaworthy ships.
Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”

3. Admiral Zheng He
Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide!

4. A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

5. Motives for European Exploration
Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples.
Reformation  refugees & missionaries.
Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
Technological advances.
Fame and fortune.

6. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan]
Hartman Astrolabe (1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant

7. New Weapons Technology

8. Prince Henry, the Navigator
School for Navigation, 1419

9. Museum of Navigation in Lisbon

10. Portuguese Maritime Empire
Exploring the west coast of Africa.
Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut.
Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).

11. Zheng He’s Voyages
In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

12. Christofo Colon [ ]

13. Columbus’ Four Voyages

14. Other Voyages of Exploration

15. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c

16. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

17. The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II

18. The Death of Montezuma II

19. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

20. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa

21. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

22. Why would the
'Columbian Exchange'
be considered the
tsunami of
unintentional
"bio-terrorism"??

23. The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash
Avocado
Peppers
Sweet Potatoes
Turkey
Pumpkin
Tobacco
Quinine
Cocoa
Pineapple
Cassava
POTATO
Peanut
TOMATO
Vanilla
MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive
COFFEE BEAN
Banana
Rice
Onion
Turnip
Honeybee
Barley
Grape
Peach
SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits
Pear
Wheat
HORSE
Cattle
Sheep
Pigs
Smallpox
Flu
Typhus
Measles
Malaria
Diptheria
Whooping Cough

24. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony!
Explorers
Conquistadores
Official European Colony!
Missionaries
Permanent Settlers

25. Treasures from the Americas!

26. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

27. The Slave Trade Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans.
Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries.
Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

28. Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”

29. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

30. African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

31. European Empires in the Americas

32. The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians
Black Slaves

33. Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World
Encomienda or forced labor.
Council of the Indies.
Viceroy.
New Spain and Peru.
Papal agreement.

34. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Guadalajara Cathedral
Spanish Mission

35. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

36. Father Bartolome de Las Casas
New Laws  1542

37. New Colonial Rivals
Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.
First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

38. New Colonial Rivals

39. Impact of European Expansion
Native populations ravaged by disease.
Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”]
New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
Deepened colonial rivalries.

40. 5. New Patterns of World Trade