1. Part II: building the new nation
The American Pageant: Chapters 9 and 10

2. Society of Cincinnati Formed by The Continental Army officers
Henry Knox
Membership limited
Hereditary
Ongoing fellowship

3. Republican Motherhood
Cultivate virtuous citizens
Keepers of the national conscience

4. Equality
The 1st Continental Congress called for the complete abolition of the slave trade in 1774. 
Northern states: Slavery or gradual emancipation
Mass. first
No states south of Pennsylvania abolished slavery.
The Philadelphia Quakers in 1775 founded the first anti-slavery society.

6. Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
created in 1786 by Thomas Jefferson
Led to the establishment and free exercise clause of the first amendment.

7. The role of the states and the economy
States created own constitutions
Mandate of Second Continental Congress
Represented fundamental law
Poor economy
No imports from Britain
War debt

8. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
The Second Continental Congress issued a set of laws called the Articles of Confederation in 1781
First frame work/outline for our federal government
Split power between National Government and States

9. ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
Established National governments ability to wage war, sign treaties, coin money, run post office
Land Ordinance of 1785
Sale of land-proceeds to pay natl. debt
36 sections of one square mile (640 acres)
Land reserved for education (profits from sale of section 16) and veterans (8,11,26 &29)

10. Northwest Ordinance 0f 1787
Land north of Ohio River and East of Miss. River would be open
Provided a path to
statehood for future states
Excluded slavery
Supported public ed.

11. WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLE OF CONFEDERATION
Congress could not collect taxes/not regulate commerce
Each state had one vote regardless of population
No executive branch
No national court system
All states needed to agree to pass any law
Lacked national unity
Weak Central Gov’t
Most serious problem

12. SHAYS’ REBELLION Weakness of the Central (National) government
Farmers in Mass. rose up in protest over increased taxes/debts they owed to creditors
Capt. Daniel Shays led 1,200 farmers toward the arsenal in Springfield
Event convinced leaders that the AofC were too weak, need a stronger central govt.
1787

13. CREATING A NEW GOVERNMENT
Philadelphia May 1787
Need to strengthen the central government
Members decided to create an entirely new Constitution instead of amending the Articles
Series of compromises
“Compromise”

14. VIRGINIA VS. NEW JERSEY PLANS
Virginia Plan:
Large State
Bicameral Legislation based on state population
New Jersey Plan:
Small state
Unicameral Legislation based on one state = one vote

15. GREAT COMPROMISE Roger Sherman
Bicameral Congress with House of Reps based on population (VA Plan) and Senate based on one state = one vote (NJ Plan)
Division of powers

16. THREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISE
Next difficult issue: Slavery
Southern states wanted slaves included in the population figures used to determine Representatives
Northern states which had few slaves, disagreed
Compromise was to count each slave as 3/5ths of a person

17. Constitution as submitted to states:
Separation of powers, into 3 branches
Authority of Congress to declare war
Guaranteed the legality of slavery
Electoral College to guard the presidency from direct popular election
State of the Union message
Provision for ratifying the Constitution
Federalism
Bicameral (created by Great Compromise)
Enumeration of the powers of Congress
Three Fifths Compromise

18. It did NOT contain: 2 term limit for President Universal suffrage
Presidential cabinet
Direct election of Senators
Guarantees of freedom of speech and press (Bill of R.)
Right to speedy public trial (Bill of Rights)
Idea of political parties (Framers were AGAINST it)

19. Changing the Articles/Acceptance of the Constitution
Unanimous vote from all 13 colonies to amend AoC
This would never happen so they changed the rule.
As soon as 9 states ratified Constitution via state conventions it would be law of the land.

20. State Conventions Quickly signed by many (see page 193)
Mass. signed after guarantee of Bill of Rights
9 states ratified by June of 1788 (6 months later)
Officially adopted: June 21st, 1788
Holdouts: VA, NY, NC, RI
Rhode Island last in 1790

22. Federalists For Constitution
The separation of powers into three independent branches protected the rights of the people.
A listing of rights can be a dangerous thing.
Hamilton, Adams, and Madison
Controlled the Press, wealthier, better educated
Notable supporters: George Washington, B. Franklin

23. Federalist Papers John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton
“Publius”
To support ratification
85 essays on how government would run best
#10 – large republic
#84 – against Bill of Rights
#78 – judicial review

24. Anti -Federalists Anti-federalists feared
a strong central govt could become tyrannical
President would have too much power
Congress would levy heavy taxes
National govt could overwhelm states
Govt might raise standing army
There was no bill of rights.
Poorest classes and states rights devotees
Sam Adams, Henry, Richard Henry Lee

25. Chapter 10 Population doubling every 25 years.
90 percent of population was rural.
Only 5 percent lived west of the Appalachian Mts.
Less trusting of govt.
Spanish to west
Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, and Vermont were admitted as states.

26. Washington as President
Unanimously drafted as president by the Electoral College in 1789
DID NOT want the job
Started the Cabinet
Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
Secretary of War: Henry Knox.

27. Bill of Rights Wrote to appease Anti-Federalists
Drafted by James Madison, adopted 1791

28. The Judiciary Act of 1789 created a federal court system
Office of Attorney General was created and filled by Edmond Randolph.
John Jay became the first Chief Justice of Supreme Ct.
There were 5 associate justices with a total of 6 justices on the bench.

29. Hamilton’s Economic Policies
Promote economic growth
Strengthen the nation’s finances
Give financial interests (such as Eastern Merchants) a stake in the new govt.
Burr
Hamilton

30. Hamilton’s Proposals:
Funding at Par – federal gov’t would pay off debts at face value + interest using bonds and funded by tariffs.
Assumption - Federal govt would “assume” all state debts.
capital would be located at the mouth of the Potomac River to appease states with small debts
Custom duties/Excise taxes
Expand domestic manufacturing
National Bank of the United States –
Coin money to keep the currency stable

31. Hamilton v. Jefferson
Jefferson said bank was unconstitutional because it was not in the constitution (STRICT)
Hamilton said it was necessary and proper and the “elastic clause” would permit this action (LOOSE)
Washington asked Jefferson and Hamilton to prepare reports on why each of their opinions should be upheld.
Hamilton’s proposal accepted.
A precedent for federal powers

32. Whiskey Rebellion
Moonshiners protested the excise tax on whiskey by a violent revolt that was ultimately suppressed by a militia raised by George Washington.
This showed that government had power to levy taxes and it was uncalled for if somebody tried to overthrow that power.
Commentary

33. The French Revolution Washington proclaimed neutrality in the war.
Gamble to start war with fragile country
Jeffersonian’s Democratic Republicans did not like the idea of being neutral
Edmond Genet - sent to persuade the Americans into joining the war

34. French Revolution

35. Leading up to the War of 1812 British gave Native Americans firearms
Treaty of Greenville
gave Native Americans money and the right to hunt in the Old Northwest in exchange for end of ownership rights to land.
British attacked American ships and damaged about 300.
thought Americans were helping France
Anti-Federalists wanted War
The Federalists disliked war as Hamilton’s Policies depended on trade with Britain.

36. Jay's Treaty Americans paid back their pre war debt to England
England would evacuate forts in North America.
British pay damages on ships they seized
This was unpopular. Northern merchants are repaid while Southern plantations have to pay pre war debt

37. Pinckney’s Treaty
Spain fears British American alliance and strikes a deal with the U.S.
Gives U.S. the disputed territory N of Florida
Spain gave America free navigation of Miss. River.

38. Washington’s Farewell Address
Stay away from political parties and the dangers of foreign entanglements
“However [political parties] may now and then answer popular ends, they are likely in the course of time and things, to become potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people and to usurp for themselves the reins of government, destroying afterwards the very engines which have lifted them to unjust dominion.”

39. John Adams – 2nd President
Federalist
71-68 electoral vote that led to Adams being the President and Jefferson being Vice President

40. XYZ Affair
Adams sent three mediators (called X, Y, and Z) to France after French attacks on American ships.
The French asked to have $250,000 in order to see the Talleyrand (foreign minister)
Americans wanted war
Navy created
Marine Corps were reestablished.
Army of men was authorized (not actually raised).

41. XYZ Affair

42. Peace with France Napoleon took over French Government
Ended Franc0-American Alliance
U.S. paid for destroyed French ships

43. Federalist Control Naturalization Act - naturalization period 14 years
Alien Acts – Gave the government the right to deport any “dangerous” alien even in peacetime.
Sedition Act – Made it illegal to speak out against the government

44. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Jefferson and Madison
Violating Constitution -> state nullifying law
Not adopted
Supreme Court would have power