1. Warm up: p. 187 Draw & label lungs and alveoli
HW 1: Ch 9 Guided Reading HW 2: Watch Crash Course – Respiratory systems, part 1 and 2. WRITE 5 FACTS ABOUT EACH Text corrections: deadline this fri, mar 2nd
MONDAY
Warm up: p. 187 Draw & label lungs and alveoli
Test Return – Watch: Circulation and Contractions
Finish and turn in: Blood Cell Packets
Watch: Respiratory System Bozeman Science
Let’s check: Our measurements: veins & arteries
Step 1) Measure distance using the small epu’s
(eyepiece units)
Step 2) Multiply times 250μ (low power) or 100μ(med)
Measure the thickness of an artery wall = ________μ
Measure the thickness of an artery = ___________ μ

2. Gas exchange in alveoli Understanding COPD Smoking is Bad for You
HW 1: Ch 9 Guided Reading HW 2: Watch Crash Course – Respiratory systems, part 1 and 2. WRITE 5 FACTS ABOUT EACH Text corrections: deadline this fri, mar 2nd
WEDNESDAY
Warm up:
PowerPoint Notes
Watch:
Gas exchange in alveoli Understanding COPD
Smoking is Bad for You
What Happens When You Quit Smoking

3. Lab Practical: 9.1 Lung tissue microscopy Ch Review: Quiz Tuesday
HW 1: Ch 9 Guided Reading HW 2: Watch Crash Course – Respiratory systems, part 1 and 2. WRITE 5 FACTS ABOUT EACH Text corrections: deadline this fri, mar 2nd
FRIDAY
Warm up:
Lab Practical: 9.1 Lung tissue microscopy
Ch Review: Quiz Tuesday

4. TEST REVIEW
Ch. 8 Mammal Circulatory System

5. The external and internal structure of the mammal heart and the path blood takes from the vena cava to the aorta through the body and back to the heart, including the names of the various types of vessels and their pressure difference
The heart has several coronary arteries on its surface to supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart
Internally, the heart has 4 muscular chambers. Blood returns to the heart from the body through the vena cava and empties into the right atrium.
The atrium contracts sending blood through the AV valves into the right ventricle.
From there it travels through the semi-lunar valves and out of the pulmonary artery to the lungs
Returning from the lungs the blood enters the heart through the left atrium AV valve left ventricle semilunar valve and out of the aorta to carry oxygenated blood to the body
The pathway of blood transport includes oxygenated blood traveling through arteries, arterioles, capillary beds. Venules and veins then carry deoxygenated back to the heart.
The highest pressure is in the aorta as it leaves the left ventricle. It steadily decreases as it travels through the body and returns.

6. Ventricles are much larger and thicker than atria.
The differences in the thickness of the walls of the different heart chambers and how differences in pressure affect the opening and closing of each of the 4 heart valves.
Ventricles are much larger and thicker than atria.
Atria are thin because they have a very short distance to pump blood
The left ventricle is the largest and thickest as it has to pump blood to the entire body.
The right ventricle is much smaller than the left as it only has to pump blood to the lungs.
As blood enters the right atrium, it flows into the right ventricle forcing open the AV valve.
As the atrium contracts, atrial systole, its pressure rises and blood is forced in to fill the remaining space in the ventricle. The pressure of the full ventricle causes the AV valve to close.

7. Cont’d
The contraction of the ventricle, ventricular systole, occurs which increases the pressure in the ventricle, forcing open the semi-lunar valve so blood then exits the ventricle.
When either the atria or ventricles are relaxing, diastole is occuring.

8. The path of electrical impulses and how each one coordinates the contraction of the heart from start to finish.  Include the names of the 3 tissues where each impulse originates.
Impulses which cause the heart to beat originate in the SAN – synoatrial node – in the right atrium
The impulse travels to the AVN – atrioventricular node causing the atrium to contract.
It continues down the septum (through the Bundle of His) until it reaches the Purkyne Fibers which spread the impulse up from the base of the heart to the ventricles, causing them to contract.
The heart is myogenic – meaning it will beat on its own with any nerve impulses from the brain.

9. Chapter 9: Gas Exchange

10. Gas exchange
Human gas exchange system links the circulatory system with the atmosphere
Clean and warm entering air
Maximize surface area for diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Minimize distance for diffusion
Maintain adequate gradients for diffusion

11. What is Human Respiration?
The human respiratory system allows us to obtain oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide.
Breathing consists of 2 phases:
Inspiration- the process of taking in air
Expiration- the process of blowing out air

12. Cellular Respiration requires O2
O2 is needed to convert glucose into cellular energy (ATP) in all body cells
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced as a waste product
The body’s cells die if either the respiratory or cardiovascular system fails = NO ATP!

13. Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
Leading from the throat to the lungs is the trachea, and at the base are two bronchi (singular: bronchus) which then subdivide several times into even smaller bronchioles

14. Human Respiratory System
Figure 10.1

15. Organs in the Respiratory System
STRUCTURE
FUNCTION
nose / nasal cavity
 warms, moistens, & filters air as it is inhaled
pharynx (throat)
 passageway for air, leads to trachea
larynx
 the voice box, where vocal chords are located
trachea (windpipe)
 Cartilage keeps the windpipe "open”
trachea is lined with fine hairs called cilia
which filters air before it reaches the lungs
bronchi
 two branches at the end of the trachea,
each leads to a lung
bronchioles
 a network of smaller branches leading from the bronchi into the lung tissue & ultimately to air sacs
alveoli
 the tiny sacs in the lung where gases are exchanged

16. Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
Cartilage in the trachea and bronchi keep airways open and air resistance low, and prevents them from collapsing or bursting as air pressure changes during breathing
Trachea: regular
C-shaped cartilage
rings
Bronchi: irregular
blocks of cartilage

17. Bronchioles
Surrounded by smooth muscle which contract/relax to adjust diameter of airways
Relax= greater diameter, more air
Possible because
there is no cartilage

18. Warming and cleaning the air
As air flows through nose and trachea, it is warmed and moistened by evaporation from the lining to protect lungs from drying out (desiccation)
Small hairs inside nose and mucosal membranes trap suspended particles (dust, pollen, bacteria, viruses)

19. Structures of Thoracic Cavity
Cartilage rings support
pressure from breathing &
maintain open pathways
of trachea and bronchi
Pleural membranes(2) –fluid filled to reduce friction from movement
Smooth muscle
that relaxes
and contracts
(absence of cartilage)
Figure 10.3

21. Learn this: it’s on p. 188 in your book!

22. Bronchial tree (Bronchi)
Right main bronchus
Each bronchus runs into a lung, behind pulmonary vessels - pulmonary artery/vein from heart

23. smaller tubes, tubes smaller than 1 mm called bronchioles
Bronchi divide into
smaller tubes, tubes smaller
than 1 mm called bronchioles
Brochioles: tissue changes as becomes smaller
Cartilage disappears
No mucus or cilia in tissue cells
Smooth muscle - relaxation (“bronchodilation”) and contraction (“bronchoconstriction”)

24. Bronchial
“tree” and
associated
Pulmonary
arteries

25. Alveoli End-point of respiratory tree
Structures that contain air-exchange chambers are called alveoli
Respiratory bronchioles lead into alveolar ducts: walls consist of alveoli
Ducts lead into terminal clusters called alveolar sacs – microscopic chambers
There are 3 million alveoli!

26. Alveoli
Terminal end of bronchioles. Have very thin lining of epithelial tissues (single cell thick) and are surrounded by capillaries carrying deoxygenated blood
Thinness of barriers ensures fast diffusion
Walls contains elastic fibers which can stretch and recoil during breathing

27. Alveoli
Oxygen moves into bloods via partial pressure differences between alveoli (high) and capillaries (low)
Carbon dioxide moves from high in capillaries to low in alveoli
Blood is constantly moving so pressure gradient is maintained

28. Microscopic detail of alveoli
Single layer thick- diffusion
surrounded by fine elastic fibers
Alveolar macrophages – free floating “dust cells”

29. Macrophages
Phagocytic white blood cells patrol the surfaces of the airways scavenging small particles like bacteria and fine dust

30. Trachea and Bronchi lined with Respiratory Mucosa
Ciliated epithelium
Scattered goblet cells – produce mucin (mucus) and watery fluid
Macrophages - digestive enzymes, e.g. lysozyme
Together all these produce a quart/day
Dead junk is swallowed

33. Mucus
In trachea and bronchi, goblet cells of the ciliated epithelium produce mucus, a slimy solution of mucin, which is composed of glycoproteins with many carbohydrate chains that make them sticky

34. Mucus, continued Also made by mucous glands beneath the epithelium
Some chemical pollutants, like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, can dissolve into mucus and irritate the airways

35. Gas Exchange Between the Blood and Alveoli
Figure 10.8A

37. Smoking Considered disease by Word Health Organization
Cigarettes popularized WWI
Widespread by both men and women (including children)

38. Tobacco smoke ~4000 chemicals in cigarette smoke, many toxic
Smoke composed of 2 parts:
Mainstream smoke: from filter/mouth end
Sidestream smoke: from burning tip
~85% released smoke/cigarette

39. Sidestream smoke
Many toxic ingredients are in a higher concentration than in mainstream
Tar(carcinogenic), carbon monoxide, nicotine
People in the vicinity of sidestream smoke are exposed to toxins, breathing in these toxins is called passive smoking (secondhand smoke)

40. Tar
Mixture of compounds that settles on the linings of airways in the lungs and stimulates a series of changes that may lead to obstructive lung disease and cancer

41. Smoking and Human Health
Threats:
Tar and carcinogens
Carbon monoxide
nicotine
Passive smoking (2nd hand smoke)- breathing someone else’s smoke
Atmospheric pollution and industrial emissions – lead to respiratory diseases

43. Chronic (long term) obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)
Asthma
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema

44. SEM image of alveoli
normal
emphysema

45. Chronic bronchitis - Tar stimulates goblet cells
Destroys cilia; bacteria & viruses collect
Smoker’s cough; pneumonia

47. Emphysema
Inflammation of constantly infected lung causes phagocytes (white blood cells) to leave blood and line airways
Release elastase which destroys elastin walls of alveoli (can’t stretch/recoil)
Air is trapped, alveoli can burst
Reduces surface area for gas exchange – less O2 in blood
Wheezing, breathlessness,
Heart enlargement

48. Emphysema Elastin is responsible for recoil of alveoli when we exhale
Without elastin, alveoli walls do not stretch and recoil. As a result, the bronchioles collapse during exhalation, trapping air in the alveoli, which often burst

49. Emphysema
Large space appear where alveoli burst, which reduces surface for gas exchange
Capillaries also decrease in #, so less oxygen gets to blood
This condition is called emphysema

50. Emphysema Loss of elastin makes if difficult to move air out of lungs
‘dead’ air remains in lungs permanently
People with emphysema do not oxygenate their blood well and have a rapid breathing rate

51. Emphysema
As disease progresses, blood vessels in lungs become more resistant to blood flow
This causes the
right side of the
heart to enlarge

52. Emphysema
As lung function deteriorates, wheezing and breathlessness become worse
Can cause permanent bed rest
Many people with chronic emphysema need a continuous supply of oxygen to stay alive

54. Collapsed Lung

55. Lung cancer Tar in tobacco smoke contains several carcinogens
React with DNA in epithelial cells to produce mutations
Mutations lead to overproductions of cells (tumor)

56. Lung cancer
Cancer spread through bronchial epithelium and enters lymphatic tissues
Cells may breakaway (metastasis) and form secondary tumors
Takes yrs to develop. Most tumor growth occurs before any symptoms are present
Most common symptom coughing up blood as result of tissue damage

57. Smoker’s lung

58. Malfunctions & Diseases of the Respiratory System
asthma
severe allergic reaction characterized by the constriction of bronchioles
 bronchitis
inflammation of the lining of the bronchioles
emphysema
condition in which the alveoli deteriorate, causing the lungs to lose their elasticity (macrophages attack and destroy elastin)
pneumonia
condition in which the alveoli become filled with fluid, preventing the exchange of gases
lung cancer
irregular & uncontrolled growth of tumors in the lung tissue

59. Lung Capacity
Figure 10.10A

60. Gas exchange Need oxygen for respiration
Multicellular organisms have gas exchange surface where external oxygen can diffuse into body, and carbon dioxide can diffuse out
In humans: alveoli (found in lungs, total surface area over 70m sq)

61. Lungs
Found in thoracic (chest) cavity surrounded by pleural membranes, which enclose an airtight pleural space (aka pleural cavity)
pleural space contains small amount of fluid to reduce friction during ventilation

62. Chapter 9
Smoking

63. Lung diseases Major cause of death and illness worldwide
Air pollution, smoking, allergic reactions
Small particle not filtered out by mucus/macrophages settle in lungs and make lungs susceptible to airborne infections, as well as asthma

64. Lung disease Each lung disease characterized by:
Signs: visible manifestation of a disease that are detected upon examination (ex: high temp)
Symptoms: senses expression of disease (ex: nausea, headache)

65. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD)
Umbrella term for long term (chronic) lung disorders
Asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema
Linked to smoking and air pollution

66. Chronic bronchitis
Tar in cigarette smoke stimulates goblet cells and mucous glands to enlarge and secrete more mucus causing it to accumulate in bronchioles
Also inhibits cleaning action of ciliated epithelium lining airways by destroying them or inhibiting their function

67. Chronic bronchitis
Mucus in bronchioles collect dirt, bacteria, and viruses which stimulates ‘smoker’s cough’ in an attempt to move mucus up airways
Over time, damaged epithelium is replaced by scar tissue, and smooth muscle around bronchioles becomes enlarged, causing airways to narrow

68. Chronic bronchitis
Infections (like pneumonia) easily develop in accumulated mucus
Infection inflames lungs, which become further narrowed
This long-term damage and obstruction of the airways is called chronic bronchitis
Sufferers have severe cough, and produce large amount of phlegm (mucus, bacteria, WBC mix)

69. Emphysema
Inflammation of constantly infected lungs cause phagocytes to leave the blood and line the airways
To reach lining of lungs, phagocytes must release elastase, an enzyme that destroys elastin in the walls of the alveoli to make a pathway for phagocytes to remove bacteria

70. copd
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema often occur together in chronic smokers
Chronic bronchitis can be reversible, but emphysema is not
Over 60 million people worldwide affected by COPD
WHO predicts COPD to be third leading cause of death worldwide by 2030

71. Lung cancer Tumors located by:
Bronchoscopy- endoscope view of bronchi
Chest x-ray
CT scan
By the time most lung cancers are discovered, they are well advanced (stage III-IV) and treatment involves surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy
Stage IIIA survival rate: 14%
Stage IIIB survival rate: 5%
Stage IV survival rate: less than 1%