1. The Respiratory System

2. Functions of the Respiratory System
GAS EXCHANGE!
Warms & humidifies air
Filters pathogens
Sound production
Regulation of blood pH

3. Organs of the Respiratory System
Upper Respiratory:
Functions to:
warm, filter and humidify incoming air
Lower Respiratory:
-Trachea (windpipe)
Lungs – include:
bronchi; bronchioles (tubes)
alveoli (air sacs)

4. Upper Respiratory - Nose
Bones and cartilage support nose, two openings (nostrils), hair filters large particles
Nasal conchae – bones that divide the nasal cavity, support the mucus membrane and increase surface area (superior, middle, inferior)

5. Function of the conchae - increase surface area
Mucus Membrane - warms and moistens air, also traps particles (dust)
    *particles go to          stomach

6. Larynx – enlargement at the top of the trachea and below pharynx, conducts air in and out of trachea, houses vocal cords           
composed of a framework of muscles and cartilages (thyroid (Adam’s apple), cricoids, epiglottic cartilages)
Allows air to pass over the vocal cords to produce sound

7. Glottis – triangular slit that opens during breathing/talking, and closes during swallowing
Epiglottis – flaplike structure that stands upright, allows air to enter larynx, during swallowing it presses downward and prevents food from entering air passages

8. 3-D Anatomy Tutorial of Nasal Passages to Trachea
Cricoid cartilage
rings

9. Quick Quiz
1.  What are three functions of the respiratory system?
2.  What is the function of the nasal conchae?
3.  What are the two divisions of the respiratory system called?
4.  What structure is known as the windpipe?
5. Which lung is larger? 6.  What is the triangular slit that opens during breathing and talking?
7. In what structures does gas exchange occur?
8. During swallowing, this flap closes to prevent food from entering the airway: ______________________

10. Trachea  Primary bronchii --> bronchioles --> alveolar ducts -->  sacs -->  alveoli
                                                                      *gas exchange

12. LUNGS - spongy tissue that sit within the pleural cavity
Right Lung          = 3 lobes
Left Lung           = 2 lobes
Serous fluid lubricates lungs during breathing

13. LUNGS –
Have two membranes
Outer parietal pleura
membrane
Inner visceral pleura membrane

14. Mechanics of Breathing
Inspiration = breathing IN
Controlled by diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Diaphragm depressed and flat
Expiration = breathing OUT
Diaphragm elevated and dome shaped

15. Mechanics of Breathing
Inspiration = breathing IN
As the lungs expand, the volume increases and pressure decreases (Boyle’s Law)
Pressure always moves from high to low, so air moves into lungs

16. Mechanics of Breathing
Expiration = breathing OUT
As you exhale, the volume of the lungs decreases, so pressure increases
Pressure moves from high to low, so air moves out of the lungs and the body

17. BREATHING LUNGS ANIMATION
3-D Anatomy Tutorial from Bronchial Tree to Lungs

18. Air-Blood Barrier Alveoli walls EXTREMELY thin
Surface of alveoli wall covered w/ cobweb of pulmonary capillaries
Gas exchanges thru diffusion across membrane
Blood DOES NOT leave blood vessels for gas exchange

20. Respiratory Membrane = alveolar + capillary walls
GAS EXCHANGE

21. Respiration = gas exchange
To occur:
1. Pulmonary Ventilation (breathing)
movement of air into and out of lungs (performed by intercostal muscles)
2. External respiration – gas exchange between alveoli and pulmonary blood
3. Respiratory gas transport – gas transport throughout body
4. Internal respiration – gas exchange between target tissues and blood

22. The first breath in newborns is the hardest due to lack of surfactant

23. *Alveoli can be compared to air bubbles in water
Lung Surfactant
Surfactant is a substance that lines the interior of the alveoli
Surfactant prevents the alveoli from collapsing due to surface tension between the air-water interface
*Alveoli can be compared to air bubbles in water

24. Non-respiratory air movements
a. Cough: glottis opens & forcefully moves air to remove blockage
b. Sneeze: like cough, but through nasal instead of oral cavity
c. Hiccups: uncontrollable inspiration b/c of diaphragm spasm
d. Yawn: deep inspiration; lack of oxygen???

25. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE = 760 Hg
Pressure is necessary for breathing, which is why it is difficult to breathe in high altitudes and also why a punctured lung can be dangerous.
A hole in the pleural cavity can cause the lung to collapse or deflate
Pneumothorax = collapsed lung

27. Breathing is involuntary, but muscles are under voluntary control
Respiratory Center – groups of neurons in the brain that control inspiration and expiration
(based in the medulla and the pons)

28. Factors Affecting Breathing
*Chemosensitive areas – detect concentrations of chemicals like carbon dioxide and hydrogen
1. Rise in CO2 2. Low blood oxygen (peripheral chemoreceptors, carotid and aortic bodies, sense changes) 3. Inflation reflex – regulates the depth of breathing, prevents overinflation of the lungs 4. Emotional upset, fear and pain

29. Hyperventilation - increase breathing, lower CO2 concentration
Breathing into a bag can restore CO2 concentrations

30. Hypoxia is a disease in which there is an overall lack of oxygen content within the body's tissue and vital human organs (specifically the brain).
Hypoxia has several potential causes, including: cardiac arrest, severe head trauma, carbon monoxide poisoning, suffocation, strangulation, and choking, as well as any instance in which oxygen supply is deprived from the body.
Asphyxia is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body that arises from being unable to breathe normally.
An example of asphyxia is choking. Asphyxia causes generalized hypoxia, which primarily affects the tissues and organs.

31. ILLNESSES RELATED TO THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. Cystic Fibrosis (genetic) 2. Asthma 3. Bronchitis 4. Apnea 5. Emphysema 6. Lung Cancer 7. Altitude Sickness 8. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 9. Sinusitis 10. Bacterial or Viral Infections (cold, flu, pneumonia)

32. Cystic Fibrosis - hereditary disease, highly viscous (thick) mucus clogs the lungs.
Two parents can be carriers:  Ff x Ff
and produce a child with the disease: ff

33. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, is an obstruction of the airways that occurs with chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or both.

34. SMOKING IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF COPD & EMPHYSEMA

35. Bronchitis is inflammation of the main air passages to the lungs
Bronchitis is inflammation of the main air passages to the lungs. Bronchitis may be short-lived (acute) or chronic, meaning that it lasts a long time and often recurs.

36. Asthma is a condition where the airways of the lungs become narrow, swell, and produce extra mucus.

37. Sleep Apnea is pausing or slowing of breathing
during sleep

38. Lung Cancer
Lung cancer starts when abnormal cells grow out of control in the lungs.
There usually are no signs or early symptoms of lung cancer.
As lung cancer stages advance, lung cancer symptoms may include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and bloody mucus.

40. Altitude Sickness
Acute mountain sickness is brought on by reduced air pressure and lower oxygen concentrations.
Symptoms can range from mild to life-threatening, and can affect the nervous system, lungs, muscles, and heart.
Pulmonary edema is an abnormal buildup of fluid in the air sacs of the lungs, which leads to shortness of breath