1. Climate

2. Climate is the year round weather in an area
Climactic variables
First and last frost dates
Average winter and summer temperatures
Precipitation and when it occurs
Snow depth
Wind and storm patterns
Lake effect
Hours of sun vs. cloud cover

6. Macroclimate
describes the climate over a large area such as the north central US
Largely determined by latitude
Temperature
Department of Agriculture Zone Map
Growing zones described by winter temps and growing season
Heat Zone Map

7. Hardiness Zones

8. Zone changes in 16 years

12. Excessively high temps can cause the plant to. stop growing
Excessively high temps can cause the plant to stop growing. This varies between species but generally occurs by 96F.
539cal/gm to turn water to water vapor. Leaves have evaporative cooling (evapotranspiration)
In Duluth, we have Lake Superior!

13. Microclimate describes the climate in your yard or garden Slope
Buildings

14. HOW TO PREVENT COLD DAMAGE
Hardening off: (spring) get greenhouse grown plants used to the outdoor temps gradually.
80Cal/gm are given up to change 1 gm water to ice , so you can use water as frost protection
covering
Season extenders (fall), plant covers , mulches, leaves, leaf bags, straw etc
Put plants in the ground at the right time ( soil temp) cool season vs. warm season plants