1. Characteristics of Life

2. How to determine if something is living……..
Trying to decide if something is alive can be a tricky proposition
What are some characteristics of living things?

3. Characteristics of Life
1. Energy input that is less than energy output
2. Have a high level of organization compared to the environment that it exists
3. Have an organization which structure is related to its function
4. Contains DNA that encodes for the structure and maintaining the organization of that structure
5. Sense and react to changes in the environment
6. Grow and develop during some part of their lives

4. Energy Energy- is the ability to do work
Free energy- is the energy available to do work
Ways to classify energy (active or not active)
Kinetic- active energy, being used or expended
Potential- stored energy

5. Types of Energy 1. Mechanical- energy of motion or stored motion
2. Chemical- energy stored in chemical bonds
3. Electromagnetic- energy found in electromagnetic waves (example: light, microwaves, electricity)

6. Nuclear energy- energy in the nucleus of the atom
Heat energy- increases molecular motion of molecules

7. Energy converions
1st law of bioenergetics or (thermal dynamics)- energy cannot be created or destroyed just converted from one form to anther.
Note: no energy conversion of free energy is 100% efficient

8. Example Eat a candy bar  running + unusable energy
heat energy
Eat a candy bar  running + unusable energy
180 Cal Cal Cal

10. 2nd Law of Bioenergetics (thermal dynamics)- Systems tend to change in a way that increases the disorder, or entropy, of a system or the surroundings. In a closed system where energy cannot get in or out the amount of free energy will decrease.
The clock is an example of a
closed system

11. What is Entropy? Entropy- is the measure of disorder of a system
Example:
1000  
       

12. Catabolic reactions Cellular respiration
C6H12O O2  6CO H2O + ATP
Exothermic or Exergonic
Molecules are broken down
Energy is released

13. Anabolic reaction Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Endothermic or Endergonic
Molecules are synthesized into polymers (larger molecules)
Energy is required

14. The type of energy cells use
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
ATP is related to the nucleotide
found in RNA
ATP used to do cells work

15. ATP Generally drawn like this

16. ATP is used for Motion-muscles Nerve function
Synthesizing other compounds
It is the phosphate that has energy because of the negative charge

17. Cellular respiration
A process of phosphoralating ADP to make ATP by oxidizing glucose
Anabolic reaction
ADP + P  ATP
Catabolic reaction
C6H12O O2  6CO H2O + ATP
*overall this is considered to be a
Catabolic rxn

18. Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Glucose (C6H12O6 ) is made by photosynthesis
Anabolic rxn
6CO H2O  C6H12O O2
*overall photosynthesis is an anabolic rxn

19. Energy flow through the ecosystem
Ecosystem- all biotic and abiotic factors in a given area
Biotic Factors- living organisms
Examples: animals, plants, and decomposers
Abiotic Factors- nonliving factors
Examples: pH of soil, temperature, and rainfall

21. Autotrophs (producer)
Take inorganic materials and convert them to high energy/organic compounds ; by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
EX: 6CO H2O  C6H12O O2
EX: producer/plants

22. Photo vs. Chemo Chemo- synthesis Photosynthesis
1. plant leaves take up energy from the sun
2. leaves take up CO2 from the atmosphere
3. photosynthesis occurring in the leaves
4. oxygen release through the stomates
Chemo- synthesis
1.Hydrothermal fluid coming out of vents release hydrogen sulfide
2.Microbes living around the vents take up HS-, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
3.Mricobes get energy by breaking down compounds and converting to sugars
4.Microbes release sulfur and water

23. Heterotroph (consumer)
Consume organic matter (high energy) to make their own food
Types of Consumer
Primary (herbivore)-
consume plant matter
Secondary (carnivore)-
consume herbivores
Tertiary (carnivore)-
consume carnivores
Decomposer- obtains
energy from dead organisms

24. Energy
Energy does not recycle like nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, water and phosphorus cycles)
Because a certain percentage of free energy is converted to heat energy

25. Energy Pyramid
Illustrates the energy flow from one trophic level to the next in an ecosystem
Approximately 10% of energy can go from any one level to the next

26. Why is it a pyramid? No level completely consumes the preceding
2nd Law of thermodynamics
Even eaten food is not all consumed (“stuff” comes out the other end)

27. Other ecological pyramids:
Pyramid of biomass- the total mass
of organisms decreases from one
level to the next because there is
less energy.
Pyramid of numbers- from one trophic level to the next there is a decrease in the population because there is less energy and less matter at each level.

28. Food Chain- a series of organisms (3-5) through which energy is passed in a ecosystem

29. Food Web- shows a more complete energy flow through and ecosystem with interactions

30. Biosphere- the part of the earth that sustains life