1. Unit 1: Ecology Review

2. • Abiotic and biotic characteristics
Chapter 1:
Key Concepts
• Abiotic and biotic characteristics
• Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
• Nutrient cycles and energy flows
• Equilibrium and carrying capacity

3. Abiotic non-living factors Biotic Living organisms Elements of Ecology
In order to classify what is living and what is not living, ecologists use the following terms.
Biotic
Living organisms
animals, plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae.
Abiotic
non-living factors
Rocks, water, air, temperature, hours of light, or salt concentration.

4. Biosphere 1. Atmosphere The layer of gasses that surround the earth.
The gasses are used to trap heat and moisture around the earth
The gases are also necessary for life to exist. (O2, CO2, H2O)

5. Biosphere 2. Lithosphere
The Earths solid, outer layer. It is 100km deep and runs under the oceans.
It contains soil which is home to many micro- organisms, plants, animals, and fungi.

6. Biosphere 3. Hydrosphere All of the water on the Earth.
All living organisms need water, and so they depend on the hydrosphere.

7. Biosphere

9. Nitrogen cycle

10. The Carbon Cycle (2 parts)
1. Photosynthesis
2. Cellular respiration
All living things contain carbon
Plants obtain carbon from the atmosphere
Forests are carbon reservoirs as well as coal and oil deposits
Oceans are also reservoirs for carbon dioxide

11. 1. Photosynthesis
The process that plants use to capture energy from sunlight
Plants use chlorophyll to combine carbon dioxide from the air (CO2) and water (H2O) to produce a sugar called glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen gas (O2)
Summary
Carbon dioxide gas + water + sunlight  glucose + oxygen gas
CO2 + H2O + sunlight  C6H12O6 + O2

13. 2. Cellular respiration
The process both Plants and animals both to turn glucose into energy. It is almost the reverse of photosynthesis
Summary
Glucose + Oxygen gas  Carbon dioxide + Water + energy
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + energy

15. Photosynthesis + Cellular Respiration = Carbon Cycle

16. Producers and Consumers
Producers (Autotrophs)
Organisms that carry out photosynthesis
Convert the suns energy into useable chemical energy
Plants, algae and some other organisms

17. Consumers (Heterotrophs)
Organisms that eat other organisms to obtain energy because they cannot produce their own energy.
Ended here

18. Consumers (Heterotrophs)
Trophic levels of consumers
Primary Consumer
Eat producers
Grasshoppers, Deer, Moose
Secondary Consumer
Eat Primary consumers
Robins, Small snakes, Frogs
Tertiary Consumers
Eat Secondary Consumers
Foxes, Wolves,

19. Consumers
Consumers can further be classified as to what type of tissues they eat
Herbivore
Only eat plant tissue
Deer, Moose
Carnivores
Eat mostly animal tissue
Wolves, Coyotes
Animals that hunt and kill other animals are called predators; the animals they kill are the prey.
An animal can be a predator to a smaller animal and prey to a larger one.

20. Consumers Eat mostly animal tissue Carnivores Wolves, Coyotes
Animals that hunt and kill other animals are called predators; the animals they kill are the prey.
An animal can be a predator to a smaller animal and prey to a larger one.

21. Consumers Carnivores that eat the tissue of animals they did not kill
Scavengers
Carnivores that eat the tissue of animals they did not kill
Vultures
Omnivores
Eat plant and animal tissue
Most humans, Bears, Racoons

22. Consumers
Decomposers
Special group of consumers that break down organic matter and release the nutrients back into the ecosystem.
They do not eat the organic material directly; they release enzymes which break it down which they then absorb.
Fungi and bacteria
Detritivore
Consumers that feed on Organic Matter
The remains of dead organisms and animal waste
Snails, worms, maggots.

24. Symbiotic Relationships (3 types)
Symbiosis is a close interaction between two different species in which members of one species live in, on, or near members of another species.
1. Commensalism
+ / 0 relationship
One partner benefits without significantly affecting the other
Example – Clown fish and anemone

25. Symbiotic Relationships (3 types)
2. Mutualism
+ / + relationship
Both organisms benefit
Example – Bees and flowers, crocodiles and dikkop birds

26. Symbiotic Relationships (3 types)
3. Parasitism
+/ - relationship
One organism, the parasite, harms the host
Example – Lamprey, tick

27. Predator – Prey Relationships
When one organism consumes a second organism
Example – Lions and Zebras
Some species use mimicry to avoid predators
one species looks like another species.
Monarch butterfly
Viceroy Butterfly

28. Competitive Relationships (2 types)
Where organisms compete for an important resource such as food, shelter or possibly mates.
May have negative effects on one another.
Actual fighting or exploitative competition
1. Intraspecific
Between members of the same species
Individuals may compete over food, water, light, space, safe sites, or mates.
Important factor limiting the population size of many species.

29. Competitive Relationships (2 types) 2. Interspecific
Between 2 or more species
As the population of one species increases, it may limit the density of the competing species

30. 4 Factors of biotic potential
Birth Potential
The maximum number of offspring per birth
Survival Capacity
The number of offspring that reach reproductive age.
Procreation
The number of times that a species reproduces a year.
Length of reproductive life
The age of sexual maturity and the number of years the individual can reproduce.

31. Limiting Factor Abiotic Limiting Factors Biotic Limiting Factors
Sunlight, water, soil, and air, natural disturbances such as storms, fires, droughts, and logging.
Biotic Limiting Factors
Competition among organisms for resources, presence of predators, reliance on other organisms for survival, and the presence of disease causing organisms.

32. Carrying capacity
The maximum number individuals that an organism can support without reducing its ability to support future generations of the same species.
Exceeding the carrying capacity hurts the environment.

33. Chapter 1: Summary
• The biodiversity on Earth is found in the biosphere, which includes the lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. All of these spheres interact.
• Energy in ecosystems comes from the Sun. It is transformed into chemical energy by plants. As energy travels along food chains, the amount of usable energy decreases.

34. Chapter 1: Summary
• Matter is recycled in ecosystems. Plants use matter from the soil and air to make their tissues. Matter then passes along food chains, which are the biotic parts of ecosystems.
• Decomposers release the substances in organic matter back into the soil, and the substances are reused by plants.
• Abiotic and biotic factors affect the size of populations in ecosystems.

35. Chapter 1: Summary
• A population’s carrying capacity is the maximum number of animals that the habitat can support over a long period.
• When a population is at carrying capacity, it is at equilibrium. The number of births equals the number of deaths, and the population is steady.

36. Key Terms Go over all of them
If you do not know one, find it in your notes and write it out.

37. • Factors affecting biodiversity • Soil profile and soil types
Chapter 2:
Key Concepts
• Factors affecting biodiversity
• Soil profile and soil types
• Factors affecting water quality
• Bioaccumulation and biomagnification

38. Chapter 2:
Summary
• Biodiversity includes species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity.
• Overexploitation, habitat destruction, pollution, invasive species, and climate change are factors that decrease biodiversity.

39. Chapter 2:
Summary
• Soil is made up of humus, rock particles, and living organisms. Soil can be clay, sandy or loam, and it can vary in acidity.
• Water’s quality is assessed by its oxygen levels and acidity as well as by the presence of heavy metals, nitrogen, phosphorus, and pesticides. Poor water quality affects organisms that depend on the water.

40. • Conserving biodiversity • Conservation strategies
Chapter 3:
Key Concepts
• Conserving biodiversity
• Conservation strategies
• Environmental stewardship and sustainable use

41. Chapter 3:
• Extinction means the loss of biodiversity. Ex-situ and in-situ conservation strategies work to protect at-risk species.
• Governments use legislation to enact programs to protect ecosystems.
• Ecological footprints are a way of representing our resource use.
• Environmental stewardship means using resources in a sustainable way. Groups and individuals are taking action to increase sustainable use.

42. Questions: Work on the questions to help you study for the test.
I will post answers over the weekend as requested.