1. Civil Rights

2. African-Americans Seek change
Agonizingly slow rate of change since 1880s
De-facto segregation and/or De-jure segregation
Jim Crow laws
1932 Berwyn “School Fight” for integration
Jackie Robinson “re-inegrates” MLB in 1947
WWII veterans return … (Dpouble-V campaign)
Irony of Cold War politics

3. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Supreme Court ruled segregation of facilities constitutional if “separate but equal”
Upheld Jim Crow laws, De jure segregation
Brown v. Topeka Board of Education (1954)
Oliver Brown sued to allow his daughter to attend an all white school; challenged de jure segregation

4. Brown v. board of education (1954)
Supreme Court: separating children “solely because of their race generates a felling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone”
Supreme Court ruled “separate facilities are inherently unequal”
Desegregate “with all deliberate speed”
Dr. Kenneth Clark’s 1954 Doll Test replication

5. Brown Family

6. Montgomery bus boycott (1955)
Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on segregated bus
“The only tired I was, was tired of giving in.”
Black leaders led by Martin Luther King Jr. (27 years old) organized boycott
1956 Supreme Court ruled bus segregation unconstitutional

8. “Little Rock Nine” (1957)
Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas to desegregate with 9 black students
Gov. Orval Faubus sent National Guard to block students
White students blocked entrance
Eisenhower sent
101st Airborne
to protect students

9. Little rock nine

10. Civil Rights Organizations
NAACP= National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (1910)
SCLC= Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957)
SNCC= Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (1960)
CORE= Congress of Racial Equality (1942)

11. Major Confrontations (early 1960’s)
Lunch Counter Sit-ins - NC, TN (1960)
Major Confrontations (early 1960’s)
CORE Freedom Rides (1961)
James Meredith and Ole Miss (1962)
Birmingham, AL (1963)

12. Civil Rights Legislation
JFK’s TV address “moral issue” asks Congress for new Civil Rights Bill 1963
March on Washington and MLK’s “I Have a Dream speech” to rally support
“The heart of the question is whether all Americans are to be afforded equal rights”

13. Civil Rights Part II
Thinking Skill: Explicitly assess information and draw conclusions
Objective: Assess the impact and changing tactics of the Civil Rights Movement

14. Civil Rights Act 1964
LBJ uses Kennedy assassination to gain passage of Civil Rights Act of 1964
Outlawed racial discrimination in all public places
Justice Dept. intervene in voting and schooling
Equal Opportunity provision for hiring –no discrimination based on race, gender, religion or national origin

15. Voting in the South Freedom Summer (1964)
Selma March to Montgomery (1965)
“Bloody Sunday”
Voting rights Act of 1965
Federal examiners to register voters
400,000 voters in 1965
1 million in 1968
“We shall overcome…”
-LBJ, 1965

16. Black Militancy Reasons Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam
View of Whites
Direction of Civil Rights Movement
New goals

17. Black Militancy 1968 Summer Olympics

18. Black Militancy
Stokely Carmichael
“Black Power”
Black Panthers

19. Riots
Newark, NJ (1964) After 6 days, 26 people lay dead, an estimated 725 people were injured, and close to 1500 people had been arrested. Ten million dollars worth of damage occurred.
Watts Riots, LA (1965) 5 days, 34 dead, 1000 injured
Detroit (1967) Response to police abuse, lack of affordable housing, urban renewal projects, economic inequality
“White flight”

20. 1970’s De facto segregation divided urban centers
Supreme Court ruling:
“integrated busing”
Republican resistance:
Nixon and Ford
Boston Busing (1974)

21. Affirmative Action: Bakke vs. U Calif. (1978)
Bakke applied but was denied admission to U Calif. Medical School
Argued minority applicants did not have to meet the same rigorous admissions standards
“Reverse Discrimination”
5-4 ruling upheld Bakke’s complaint
“No quotas” but race may be one of other criteria used to determine admission

23. Identify Assumptions
What was life like in the 1950’s for African Americans?
What changes did people seek?
What tactics did they use?
Who were the leaders?
How successful were they?
What issues are still present today?