1. SCIENCE PRACTICES

2. Science Practices “What scientists do”
Asking questions and defining problems
Developing and using models
Planning and carrying out investigations
Analyzing and interpreting data
Using mathematical and computational thinking
Constructing explanations and designing solutions
Engaging in argument from evidence
Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information

3. Asking Questions and Defining Problems
Science – making sense of the universe through observation and experimentation
From Latin meaning “know”
Before scientists can experiment they must ask questions and obtain information.

4. Developing and Using Models
Models can be used to gather or generate data
Models can be used to make sense of a phenomenon.
Models can be used to communicate ideas.
Models are simplifications!

5. Planning and Carrying Out Investigations
Identify your variables
VARIABLE – a factor that can change during an experiment

6. Planning and Carrying Out Investigations
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE – the manipulated (purposefully changed) or monitored variable
Examples:
Type of light
Time can be monitored (number of seconds, hours, days, etc)
Graphed on the x-axis

7. Planning and Carrying Out Investigations
DEPENDENT VARIABLE – the responding variable which changes based on the independent variable
Graphed on the Y-axis

8. Planning and Carrying Out Investigations
In CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT only one variable is changed at a time so that you can be sure what caused the change in the dependent variable.
Only test ONE independent variable.
CONTROLLED VARIABLES – all the other factors must be exactly the same
Francesco Redi (1600s)

9. Planning and Carrying Out Investigations
Control Group – a group that receives no experimental treatment
Serves as a standard which shows normal results

10. Planning and Carrying Out Investigations
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP – a group that receives experimental treatment
Exactly the same as the control group except ONE variable is changed.
You may have more than one experimental group.

11. THINK – PAIR – SHARE
Identify the independent variable, dependent variable, a controlled variable, the control group(s), the experimental group(s).

12. Planning and Carrying Out Investigations
Determine how to measure and collect data.
How will you collect that data?
What types of data will you collect?

13. Planning and Carrying Out Investigations
OBSERVATION – the act of noting something using the senses

14. Planning and Carrying Out Investigations
QUANTITATIVE DATA – expressed in numbers by measuring or counting (think “quantity”)

15. Planning and Carrying Out Investigations
QUALITATIVE DATA – descriptions or characteristics (think “quality”)

16. Analyzing and Interpreting Data
ANALZYE – To study data and look for trends and patterns
Does the data support or reject the hypothesis?

17. Science Practices EVALUATE OBTAIN COMMUNICATE
Analyzing and interpreting data
Using mathematical and computational thinking
Constructing explanations and designing solutions
Engaging in argument from evidence
Use models to predict and develop evidence
OBTAIN
Asking questions and defining problems
Using models to gather data
Planning and carrying out investigations
Using mathematical and computational thinking
COMMUNICATE
Engaging in argument from evidence
Use models to communicate

18. Graphing in Science

19. Why do scientists use graphs?
Scientists use graphs to make large amounts of data easier to understand and analyze.
Used to display data that show how one variable changes in response to another.
2017 MLB Salary Data

20. Why Do We Use Graphs?
Charles David Keeling was a geochemist that collected atmospheric and seawater CO2 level data (1958 – 2005).
Keeling Data Set

21. Why Do We Use Graphs?

22. What are the three types of graphs?
Line
Bar
Pie/Circle

23. LINE GRAPHS Show relationships between 2 sets of quantitative data
What is quantitative data?
Data that is measured or counted

24. BAR GRAPHS
Shows relationships between one set of quantitative data and one set of qualitative data

25. PIE CHARTS/CIRCLE GRAPHS
Show percentages

26. WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD GRAPH?
Spreads over the entire space given.
Has a title that tells what the graph is about.
The X and Y axes are labeled with both what is being graphed and units.
Ex. Time (sec) or Height (cm)
Axes scales increase consistently (by the same pattern)
If you have more than one set of data, you need a KEY.

27. EXAMPLE http://www.8886.co.uk/img/trly_b1.gif

28. REMEMBER THE VARIABLES…
Independent  ___ axis Dependent  ___ axis X Y
What is the independent variable in the graph below?
Which variable does the scientist control?

29. GRAPHING PRACTICE Day Food Consumed (g) 0.0 1 1.0 2 3.2 3 6.5 4 10.6 5
Baby chickens, like all baby birds, require a constant source of food. As chicks grow, more energy is required for daily activities, and their food requirements increase. The following data table reports the average food eaten by a group of 10 chickens over a 5-day period.
Make a graph following the guidelines for a good graph.
Day
Food Consumed (g)
0.0 1
1.0 2
3.2 3
6.5 4
10.6 5
15.4

30. Average Amount of Food Consumed by Baby Chickens over a 5-day Period

31. Measurement

32. MEASUREMENT We use the METRIC SYSTEM in science
Aka: International System (SI)

33. Why use the metric system?
All measurements are the same all over the world.
The rest of the world uses the metric system.
Its easier to convert than the English system.
Based on powers of 10

34. How do we measure MASS? Units  grams (g) Use a triple beam balance
Add all 3 numbers together to get the mass.

35. Reading a Triple Beam Balance
Be sure you ZERO the balance first!!!
Move weights until the balance is zeroed again.

36. What is the mass?

37. How do we measure VOLUME?
Units  liters (L)
Use a graduated cylinder
Read from the bottom of the meniscus

38. What is the volume?

39. How do we measure DISTANCE?
Units  meters (m)
Use a meter stick or ruler
Measure to the smallest mark for accuracy.

40. What is the distance?

41. How do we measure TEMPERATURE?
Units  Kelvin (K), but we will use Celsius (oC)
Kelvin is based on the same scale as Celsius but starts at absolute zero ( oC).
Use a thermometer

42. What is the temperature?

43. SI PREFIXES Kilo- (k) Hecto- (H) Deca- (D) BASE (g/L/m) Deci- (d)
Centi- (c)
Milli- (m)
As you move UP, divide by 10 or move the decimal to the LEFT.
As you move DOWN, multiply by 10 or move the decimal to the RIGHT.

44. Bell Work – 8/5/16 Copy the Lab Safety Procedures for the Measurement Lab unto your data sheet.
Behave responsibly in lab.
Treat ALL lab equipment with care.
Follow all other lab safety procedures.

45. How will you measure the mass of 30mL of water????