1. Water, Carbon Chemistry, Macromolecules, and Enzymes Review Honors Biology

2. How does the density of frozen water help organisms living within a lake in cold temperatures?
When water in a lake freezes, it floats, providing insulation for organisms below.

3. What is a polar covalent bond? Give an example.
Bond with uneven distribution of
electrical charges; water

4. 4 valence electrons allow it to form complex, diverse molecules.
Why is carbon special?
4 valence electrons allow it to form complex, diverse molecules.

5. Force of attraction between like particles. Ex>Surface tension.
Define cohesion.
Force of attraction between like particles. Ex>Surface tension.

6. Force of attraction between unlike particles. Ex>a meniscus
Define adhesion.
Force of attraction between unlike particles. Ex>a meniscus

7. What is an isomers? Give an example.
Substances with the same molecular formulas but different structure. For example,

8. What are the two ways to make and break polymers?
hydrolysis is the addition of water to break a chemical bond. For example, maltose + water ---> glucose + glucose. dehydration synthesis is the removal of water to make a chemical bond. For example, glucose + glucose ---> maltose + water

9. What is a glycosidic bond?
Covalent bond between two monosaccharides

10. Covalent bond between two amino acids
What is a peptide bond?
Covalent bond between two amino acids

11. List the four types of macromolecules.
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Nucleic acids
4. Proteins

12. What does the enzyme carbonic anhydrase do
What does the enzyme carbonic anhydrase do? What will happen if this enzyme is not at an “optimum “ temperature or pH?
Helps eliminate carbon dioxide from our bodies; it can denature, or lose its shape and ability to function

13. What is the pH scale. On the pH scale, what is the range of an acid
What is the pH scale? On the pH scale, what is the range of an acid? Of a base?
Measures the strength of acids and bases. Acids are below 7, bases are above 7.

14. What is a monomer? What is a polymer?
a single unit; many units

15. What is the building block of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides such as glucose

16. What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions?
speed up (catalyze) reactions by lowering the activation energy

17. What factors affect enzyme activity?
temperature, pH, inhibitors

18. What are the two types of energy storage polysaccharides?
Starch & glycogen

19. reactants - H2 and O2; product is H20
What are the reactants in the equation below? What are the products in the reaction? 2H O H2O
reactants - H2 and O2; product is H20

20. What are Coconut and olive oil examples of?
Lipids

21. Give an example of a nucleic acid?
DNA & RNA

22. What type of molecule is H2O?
Polar covalent

23. water expands when it freezes and becomes ice
When does water expand?
water expands when it freezes and becomes ice

24. What is surface tension?
cohesion at the surface of water

25. On the pH scale a substance with a pH of 2 is more ____________than a substance with a pH of 5.
acidic

26. On the pH scale, what does a pH of 7 indicate?
neutral

27. What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids

28. What are the monomers of DNA & RNA?
nucleotides

29. What is the general composition of a protein. (i. e
What is the general composition of a protein? (i.e. name of monomers, polymers and bonds)
amino acids joined together by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains

30. What are the different types of polysaccharides??
cellulose, starch, glycogen, chitin

31. What is the general composition of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, such as glucose, linked together by glycosidic bonds to form polysaccharides

32. What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Energy storage and structure

33. What are the functions of proteins?
transport(Ex>hemoglobin), act as enzymes, build bones and muscle, help fight disease (antibodies)

34. What are the functions of nucleic acids?
store and transmit hereditary information

35. What is the difference between saturated & unsaturated fats?
saturated fats have no double bonds, are solid at room temperature unsaturated fats have double bonds, are liquid at room temperature

36. What are the functions of fats?
long-term energy storage, shock absorber for internal organs, provide insulation

37. Define a solute, a solvent, and a solution.
solute - the substance being dissolved; solvent - what the solute is dissolved in solution = solute + solvent

38. What does an energy diagram look like for an energy-releasing reaction
What does an energy diagram look like for an energy-releasing reaction? For an energy-absorbing reaction?
Releasing absorbing

39. Label the following structures A-E
A - enzyme; B - active site; C - substrate; D - enzyme-substrate complex; E - products

40. What is the strongest base? Weakest base? Strongest acid? Weakest acid?
strongest acid - battery acid; weakest acid - milk
strongest base - household lye; weakest base - blood

41. Because electrons spend more time near the oxygen atom in a water molecule, what partial charge does oxygen acquire?
negative

42. activation energy; lower it
What is the energy needed to start a reaction called? What do enzymes do with this energy?
activation energy; lower it

43. 3 fatty acid chains bonded to glycerol; lipid
What is the structure of a fat? What class of macromolecules do fats belong to?
3 fatty acid chains bonded to glycerol; lipid

44. What is the formula of a single sugar?
C6H12O6

45. What is a nonpolar covalent bond? Give an example.
A bond in which electrons are shared equally Ex> chlorine bonded to chlorine

46. What is an organic compound?
A compound containing carbon* *with some exceptions, such as hydrogen cyanide, HCN

47. What is an inorganic compound?
Any other compound than an organic compound

48. What is the formula for a single sugar (monosaccharide)
What is the formula for a single sugar (monosaccharide)? Double sugar (disaccharide)?
C6H12O6 is a monosaccharide C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 - H2O(dehydration synthesis to form bond)= C12H22O11 , a disaccharide

49. How are starch and cellulose similar? How are they different?
Both polysaccharides with glucose monomers, but bonded together differently, leading to different properties; starch-energy storage, cellulose-cell wall structure

50. What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

51. What binds to the active site of an enzyme to form the enzyme- substrate complex? What happens in the enzyme-subsrate complex?
The substrate binds to the enzyme at the active site, forming the enzyme substrate complex; reactants are converted to products

52. Why are lipids good energy storage molecules?
There are lots of carbon- hydrogen bonds that store energy

53. What type of bond results from the sharing of electrons?
Covalent bonds

54. Acids- excess H+ Bases- excess OH-
What type of substance has a high concentration of H+ ions? Of OH- ions?
Acids- excess H+ Bases- excess OH-

55. What type of bond does water form with other water molecules?
Hydrogen bonds