1. Water, Carbon Chemistry, Macromolecules, and Enzymes Review

2. How does the density of frozen water help organisms living within a lake in cold temperatures?
When water in a lake freezes, it floats, providing insulation for organisms below.

3. What is a polar covalent bond? Give an example.
A bond in which there is an
uneven distribution of
electrical charges.
Water contains polar covalent bonds.

4. It can form large, complex, diverse molecules.
Why is carbon special?
It can form large, complex, diverse molecules.

5. Force of attraction between like particles. Ex>Surface tension.
Define cohesion.
Force of attraction between like particles. Ex>Surface tension.

6. Define adhesion.
Force of attraction between unlike particles. Ex>Water sticking to the sides of a glass.

7. What is an isomers? Give an example.
Substances with the same molecular formulas but different structural formulas. For example,
C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C-C-C-C-C-S | |
C S

8. What are the two ways to make and break polymers?
hydrolysis is the addition of water to break a chemical bond. For example, maltose + water ---> glucose + glucose. dehydration synthesis is the removal of water to make a chemical bond. For example, glucose + glucose = maltose + water

9. What is a glycosidic bond?
Covalent bond between two monosaccharides

10. Covalent bond between two amino acids
What is a peptide bond?
Covalent bond between two amino acids

11. List the four types of macromolecules.
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Nucleic acids
4. Proteins

12. What does the enzyme carbonic anhydrase do
What does the enzyme carbonic anhydrase do? What will happen if this enzyme is not at an “optimum “ temperature or pH?
Catalyzes the reaction in which carbon dioxide and water are converted to carbonic acid. It will denature, or lose its shape and ability to function

13. What is the pH scale. On the pH scale, what is the range of an acid
What is the pH scale? On the pH scale, what is the range of an acid? Of a base?
Measures the strength and weakness of acids and bases. Acids range from 0-6, bases range from 8-14.

14. What is a monomer? What is a polymer?
a single unit; many units

15. What is the building block of carbohydrates?
glucose (monosaccharide)

16. What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions?
speed up (catalyze) reactions by lowering the activation energy

17. What factors affect enzyme activity?
temperature, pH, inhibitors

18. What are the two types of energy storage polysaccharides?
Starch & glycogen

19. reactants - H2 and O2; product is H20
What are the reactants in the equation below? What are the products in the following reaction? 2H O  2H2O
reactants - H2 and O2; product is H20

20. What are Coconut and olive oil examples of?
Lipids

21. Give an example of a nucleic acid?
DNA & RNA

22. What type of molecule is H2O?
Polar covalent

23. When does water expand? When does water contract?
solid water (ice) expands; liquid water contracts

24. What is surface tension?
cohesion on the surface of water

25. On the pH scale a substance with a pH of 2 is more ____________than a substance with a pH of 5.
acidic

26. On the pH scale, what does a pH of 7 indicate?
neutral

27. What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids

28. What are the monomers of DNA & RNA?
nucleotides

29. What is the general composition of a protein. (i. e
What is the general composition of a protein? (i.e. name of monomers, polymers and bonds)
amino acids joined together by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains

30. What are the different types of polysaccharides??
cellulose, starch, glycogen, chitin

31. What is the general composition of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides (glucose) linked together by glycosidic bonds to form polysaccharides

32. What are the functions of carbohydrates?
a quick form of energy

33. What are the functions of proteins?
carry oxygen through blood (hemoglobin), control the speed of reactions (enzymes), build bones and muscle, help fight disease (antibodies)

34. What are the functions of nucleic acids?
store and transmit hereditary information

35. What is the difference between saturated & unsaturated fats?
saturated fats have no double bonds, are solid at room temperature, are animal fats; unsaturated fats have double bonds, are liquid at room temperature, and are plant fats

36. What are the functions of fats?
long-term energy storage, shock absorber for internal organs, provide insulation

37. Define a solute, a solvent, and a solution.
solute - the substance being dissolved; solvent - what the solute is dissolved in solution = solute + solvent

38. What does an energy diagram look like for an energy-releasing reaction
What does an energy diagram look like for an energy-releasing reaction? For an energy-absorbing reaction?
Releasing absorbing

39. Label the following structures A-E
A - enzyme; B - active site; C - substrate; D - enzyme-substrate complex; E - products

40. What is the strongest base? Weakest base? Strongest acid? Weakest acid?
strongest acid - battery acid; weakest acid - milk
strongest base - household lye; weakest base - blood

41. Because electrons spend more time near the oxygen atom in a water molecule, what partial charge does oxygen acquire?
negative

42. activation energy; lower it
What is the energy needed to start a reaction called? What do enzymes do with this energy?
activation energy; lower it

43. 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol; lipid
What is the structure of a fat? What class of macromolecules do fats belong to?
3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol; lipid

44. What is the formula of a single sugar?
C6H12O6