1. Notes
Carbon Compounds
Section 2-3

2. Organic Molecules Molecules containing 2 or more atoms of carbon
Carbon is very versatile
Carbon covalently bonds with up to 4 other atoms
Carbon can bond with carbon to
form:
Chains
Branches
Rings

3. Organic Molecules Carbon can form single, double or triple bonds
Carbon forms important biological molecules

4. Macromolecules: “giant molecules”
There are four classes of organic (carbon based) macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

5. Macromolecules are polymers
What is a polymer?
Poly = many; mer = part. A polymer is a large molecule consisting of many smaller sub-units bonded together.What is a monomer?
A monomer is a sub-unit of a polymer
Three of the organic macromolecules are polymers

6. 1. Carbohydrates
Carbo = carbon, hydrate = water; carbohydrates have the molecular formula (CH2O)n
1:2:1 ratio
Common types:
Sugar
Starch

7. Carbohydrates Functions: Store chemical energy for cellular use
Structural support in cells
e.g. cellulose cell wall in plants

8. Carbohydrates Monosaccharide – monomer of 3-7 carbons
e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharide - two mono’s linked
e.g. sucrose = glucose + fructose
Polysaccharides – Many mono’s linked
e.g. starch

9. Examples of Disaccharides:
Lactose = glucose + galactose
Sucrose = glucose + fructose

10. Polysaccharides

11. 2. Lipids Generally hydrocarbons (made of hydrogen and carbon)
Not a polymer
Not water soluble

12. Lipids
Common names:
Fats
Oils
Waxes
Steroids

13. Lipids Functions: Energy storage – long term Membrane structure
Waterproofing
Insulation
Shock absorbing
Chemical messengers (hormone action)

14. Common Lipids = Triglycerides
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids

15. Fatty Acids: Saturated or Unsaturated
1. Saturated fats: “saturated with hydrogen”
have only single C-C bonds
solid at room temp
most animal fats
2. Unsaturated fats :
liquid at room temp
double bonds between carbons allows for “kinks” in the tails
most plant fats
3. Polyunsaturated = many double bonds

16. Which type of fatty acid is this?

17. Which type of fatty acid is this?
Saturated fatty acid

18. Unsaturated fatty acid
Good Job!!
Saturated fatty acid
Unsaturated fatty acid

19. 3. Nucleic Acid
Made of elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus (CHONP)
Polymers of nucleotides
Nucleotide

20. Nucleotide Composed of: a. 5-Carbon sugar b. Phosphate group
c. Nitrogen base

22. Nucleic Acids Two kinds: DNA: RNA: Double stranded Sugar deoxyribose
Contains genes which code for proteins
Hereditary information
RNA:
Single stranded
Functions in synthesis of proteins coded for by DNA
Sugar ribose
RNA
DNA

23. 4. Protein Polymer of amino acids
Made of elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (CHON)
Amino acids held together with peptide bonds
Proteins called polypeptides

24. Structure of Amino Acid Monomers
Carbon covalently bonded to:
Hydrogen
Amino group (NH3)
Carboxyl group (COOH)
Variable R group specific to each amino acid
20 common amino acids

25. Peptide Bonding

26. Protein functions Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions Structural
e.g.
keratin (the protein found in hair and nails)
collagen (the protein found in connective tissue).
Cell identity
Membrane transport
Cell movement

27. Shape important to Protein Function
Changing shape changes function
4 levels of shape
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

28. © 1999 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.