1. Urban Patterns

2. Urban Settlements Urbanization Defining urban settlements
Increasing urban percentage
Increasing urban populations
Defining urban settlements
Social differences between urban and rural settlements
Physical definitions of urban settlements

3. Percent Urban Population
Fig. 13-1: Percent of the population living in urban areas is usually higher in MDCs than in LDCs.

4. What is a city? Lewis Mumford (1937):
– A city is a geographic plexus, an economic organization, an institutional process, a theater of social action and an aesthetic symbol of collective unity. The city creates the theater and it is the theater.
Has a distinct physical form (which changes over time)
The physical form is based on social exchanges of various kinds (economic, institutional, cultural)
These social exchanges are predicated on specific networks
Networks are geographical in 2 ways:
They intersect in the city in particular locations
They stretch out beyond the city to other locations in specific ways
Like theater, has intensity
And, cities both reflect and shape the societies in which they exist

5. What is Urban Geography?
Historically, geographers have examined how and why areas, or spaces, are the same or different
Urban geographers seek to understand and identify:
why cities are alike and different
regular patterns of urban development, housing, employment, diversity
the social, economic, & political trends of urban versus non-urban spaces

6. The Functions of Urban Areas
Public Services
Education
Transportation & Communications
Meeting Places
Recreation
Visitor Services
Residential Areas
Retailing
Wholesaling
Manufacturing
Business Services
Entertainment
Political & Official Administration
Military Defense Needs
Social & Religious Service

7. Traditional Patterns of Urban Structure
European Cities Characteristics
Historic Cores
Narrow, Complex Streets
Built Before Auto Era
Plazas and Squares
Scars of War
Symbolism
Compact in Form
Low Skylines
Lively Downtowns
Neighborhood Stability
Municipal Socialism

8. Islamic Cities

9. Islamic Urban Form Planning of the Asba' (the seventh) of Kufa.
The single black circle and six grey circles represent the center of the city.
The twelve white circles represent the new quarters of the city.

10. Pre-Islamic Cities: Early City Planning Traditions
Most cities in the Islamic world were built on top of many layers of local or regional history.
In Mesopotamia for example, Byzantine regimes built upon Roman structures and Roman regimes, in turn, built upon Seleucid structures.
Each ‘new’ city continued to adopt and adapt to the changing conditions.
It could be assumed that structurally, urban life varied dramatically for different people located in different areas throughout the course of time.
Islamic conquest by the early ninth century brought regions as diverse as Syria, Egypt, Spain, Iraq, Iran, Asia Minor and India under the Abbasid caliphate.

11. Forces Acting on ‘Traditional’ Cities in the Islamic World
Terrain/Climate
Production Practices
Distribution and Transportation Systems
Systems of Social Organization
Legal/Political System
Are any of these unique to Islamic cultures?

12. Form Meets Function and Religion
Three Islamic elements that interacted with the above forces to create the city forms associated with Islamic cities:
A distinction made between the Umma and others
A particular form of segregation of the sexes
A legal system that left much of the municipal jurisdiction in the hands of neighborhoods

13. Traditional City Form Heart of city dominated by mosque and market
Associated with these features are schools, baths, government centers
Radiating patterns of hierarchy
Residential areas segmented into quarters
Segregated by communities
Also displaying radiating pattern
Within quarter a maze of alleys, lanes and cul-de-sacs
Major avenues ran from quarter to mosque/market

14. Changes to Modern Middle Eastern Cites
Rural to urban migration creates ‘squatter settlements,’ some lasting generations
The increase in car usage has changed transportation patterns and infrastructure
Suburbs are springing up, and the wealthy are moving into them
Many more young people in need of services and employment

15. Pre-Industrial Cities
These are cities that have not been influenced by industrialization. 
The social structure is usually based on a hierarchical class system. 
There is a three level differentiation. 
The elite or the ruling class occupies the center of the city; the lower class and the outcastes occupy the intermediate and the outer peripheral areas respectively. 
Transportation modes are quite primitive (usually walking, bullock carts, and so on). 
Since these cities depend on small agricultural retail, they are usually small in size.

16. Industrial & Post-Industrial Third World Cities
Industrial Cities
Cities with a significant manufacturing component. 
Factories are located in central areas, which are accessible by mass transportation (buses, trains). 
These cities survive as long as they maintain a comparative advantage over other cities in the manufacturing sector.
Post-Industrial Cities
These are cities that have "graduated from industrialization" into service (business, leisure) industries. 
Most Third World cities are yet to reach this stage.

17. Colonial Cities
The pattern of colonial cities depends on the colonies of which they were a part of. 
Spanish conquistadores completely erased indigenous settlements and mingled with the local culture to become a part of it. 
Thus, Spanish colonial cities are more unitary in nature and follow Spanish elements. 
Most of the cities in Latin America to the west of Andes, for example, follow the Laws of Indies that were promulgated by the Spain's King during late sixteenth century. 
Their administrative system is also more centralized than that of the Portuguese in Brazil. 

18. Colonial Cities
On the other hand, the French and the British never mingled with the local population and created separate quarters for themselves. 
Thus, French and British colonies usually have a "White Town" consisting of spacious houses, well laid out streets and a "Native Town" which were usually quite dense and housed the indigenous population. 
In apartheid countries of Africa, the division is very well defined. 
Most colonial cities were either coastal (to allow maritime trade with the colonies) or administrative.

19. Post-Colonial Cities
Colonialism has strong impact on the form of post-colonial cities, and reflect some of their earlier characteristics. 
The elite and the upper class usually buy properties from the previous colonial owners, thus transforming such areas into rich enclaves. 
Africa is facing a more turbulent situation with the transfer of property as many properties owned by the White are being forcibly taken over by native blacks (e.g. South Africa, Zimbabwe).

20. Asian Colonial City Structures
Southeast Asian Colonial City
South Asian Colonial City

21. Latin American City Model
Fig : In many Latin American cities, the wealthy live in the inner city and in a sector extending along a commercial spine.

22. Mexico City
Fig : The Aztec city of Tenochtitlán was built on an island in Lake Texcoco. Today poorer people live on a landfill in the former lakebed, and the elite live to the west.

23. Fès (Fez), Morocco
Fig : The old city in the east has narrow winding streets and dense population. The French laid out a new district to the west with a geometric street pattern.

24. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Fig : In Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon), the French demolished the previous city and replaced it with a colonial design with boulevards and public squares.

25. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil High & Low Income Regions
Fig a: High income households in Rio de Janeiro live in the CBD and in a spine along the ocean. Low-income households often live in peripheral areas.

26. Rio de Janeiro Areas with Sewers
Fig b: High income households are attracted to central areas of Rio partly because these areas have access to services such as sewers.

27. Social Areas in Paris
Fig : Higher income professionals are likely to live in the center of Paris, while factory workers tend to live in the suburbs, in contrast to the pattern of many American cities.

28. Large Cities
Fig. 13-2: Cities with 3 million or more people. Most of the largest cities are now in LDCs.

29. Percent Urban by Region
Fig. 13-2b: Over 70% of people in MDCs live in urban areas. Although under half of the people in most of Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are urban, Latin America and the Middle East have urban percentages comparable to MDCs.

30. US Megapolitan Areas

31. Megalopolis
Fig. 13-4: The Boston-Washington corridor extends over 700 km and contains about one-quarter of U.S. population.

32. St. Louis Metropolitan Area
Fig. 13-3: The metropolitan area of St. Louis is spread over several counties and two states. It is also a diversified trade center, due to its position on the Mississippi River.

33. Urban Structure Three models of urban structure
Concentric zone model
Sector model
Multiple nuclei model
Geographic applications
Use of the models outside North America
European cities
Less developed countries

34. Models of Urban Land Structure
Concentric Zone Model
Sector Model
Multiple-Nuclei Model

35. Inside the City
Competitive bidding for land determines much of the land use within the city
In general, population density & land values decrease as distance from the CBD increases
– Peak-value intersections
Population densities tend to show a hollow center

36. Concentric Zone Model
Fig. 13-5: In the concentric zone model, a city grows in a series of rings surrounding the CBD.

37. Sector Model
Fig. 13-6: In the sector model, a city grows in a series of wedges or corridors extending out from the CBD.

38. Multiple Nuclei Model
Fig. 13-7: The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual centers, around which different people and activities cluster.

39. Indianapolis: Percent Renters
Fig. 13-8: The distribution of household renters in Indianapolis illustrates the concentric zone model.

40. Indianapolis: Household Income
Fig. 13-9: The distribution of high income households in Indianapolis illustrates the sector model.

41. Indianapolis: Ethnic Patterns
Fig : The distribution of minorities in Indianapolis is an example of a multiple nuclei model.

42. Inner Cities Inner-city physical problems Inner-city social problems
Deterioration process
Urban renewal
Inner-city social problems
Underclass
Culture of poverty
Inner-city economic problems
Annexation

43. Racial Change in Chicago 1980 - 2000
Fig : Racial & ethnic change in Chicago, Dots represent where race and ethnicity increased. White population increased in the inner city and North Side, while African American and Hispanic population increased in the outer city and inner suburbs.

44. Dayton, Ohio Drug-related Arrests
Fig a: Drug-related arrests have been concentrated in the low income inner-west side of the city.

45. Dayton, Ohio Race and Voting
Fig b: In the 2005 mayoral election, votes for Rhine McLin, an African American incumbent, concentrated in the African American west side of the city.

46. Growth of Chicago
Fig : Chicago grew rapidly in the 19th century through annexation. In the 20th century the major annexation was for O’Hare Airport. The city of Chicago covers only a portion of the Chicago metropolitan statistical area (inset).

47. Problems of Suburbs The peripheral model
Density gradient
Cost of suburban sprawl
Suburban segregation
Transportation and suburbanization
Motor vehicles
Public transportation
Local government fragmentation
Metropolitan government
Growing smart

48. Peripheral Model of Urban Areas
Fig : The central city is surrounded by a ring road, around which are suburban areas and edge cities, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes.

49. Cleveland, Ohio Density Gradient 1900-1990
Fig : The density gradient in Cleveland shows the expansion of dense population outward from the city center over time. In 1990, population dispersed over a wider area with less variation in density than before.

50. Suburban Development in the U.S. and U.K.
Fig : New housing in the U.K. is likely to be in planned new towns, while in the U.S. growth occurs in discontinuous developments.

51. Public Transport in Brussels
Fig : Brussels illustrates the integration of heavy rail and light rail in public transport.

52. Public Transport in Brussels
Fig : Brussels, Belgium illustrates the integration of heavy rail (Métro Lines 1 & 2) and light rail (trams) in European public transport.

53. Stressed School Districts in Cincinnati Metropolitan Area
Fig : A high-cost school district has either a high percentage of students eligible for free lunches or a rapidly changing enrollment. Districts in the suburbs have high costs but low spending.