1. Hurricanes
Dr. R. B. Schultz &
Mr. Schaeffer =)

2. Hurricane Damage
The vast majority of hurricane deaths and damage are caused by relatively infrequent, yet powerful storms.
The costliest natural disaster in U.S. history, with damages in excess of ____billion, was Hurricane Andrew in 1992.
Until 2005… Hurricane Katrina is estimated at causing $47 billion!!
Oooohh!!! Wait… In 2012, Hurricane Sandy came in at a whopping $60 Billion!!

3. Why the dramatic increases??
Increased __________________.
New Orleans “_______ ____ _______”
Better evaluation of lost income
Sandy and the East Coast!
______________?? Not sure on this one, but it makes sense?

4. Hurricane Formation
Most hurricanes form between the latitudes of 5° and 20° over all tropical oceans except the South Atlantic and eastern South Pacific.
The North Pacific has the greatest number of storms, averaging 20 per year.
In the western Pacific, hurricanes are called ____________, and in the Indian Ocean, they are referred to as _________. In the Atlantic, they’re called ________________.

5. Hurricane Occurrences and Geographic Distribution
Hurricanes
Typhoons
Cyclones

6. Hurricane Generation
A steep pressure _____________ generates the rapid, inward spiraling winds of a hurricane.
As the warm, moist air approaches the core of the storm, it turns upward and ascends in a ring of cumulonimbus towers and forms a doughnut-shaped wall called the ____ ____.
At the very center of the storm, called the _____, the air gradually descends, precipitation ceases, and winds subside.

7. Why clockwise?!? Wha…
_________________ AND flow from high to low!! (away from high)
Why up?
Warm air “______”
Moisture is _________ so clouds “pull” air up, too.
Why counterclockwise?
_________________ AND flow toward eye (into low pressure)

8. In much the same way an ice skater spins more quickly as her arms are tucked close into her body, a hurricane also spins at a faster pace near the center than near the outer edge.

10. Hurricane Generation (cont.)
A hurricane is a heat engine fueled by the ________ _______liberated when huge quantities of water vapor condense.
They develop most often in late summer when ocean waters have reached temperatures of 27°C (80°F) or higher and are thus able to provide the necessary heat and moisture to the air.

11. DOUBLE LOW EQUALS MORE WINDS!
This warm water vapor condenses and ______! BUT…
It’s heat warms the air up here!! This drops the pressure again…
LOW
Evaporation of warm water and heating of air causes an updraft, which…
______________________
LOW
WARM OCEAN/WARM AIR

12. Stages of Development
The initial stage of a tropical storm's life cycle, called a _____________ _____________, is a disorganized array of clouds that exhibits a weak pressure gradient and little or no rotation.
Tropical disturbances that produce many of the strongest hurricanes that enter the western North Atlantic and threaten North America often begin as large undulations or ripples in the trade winds known as easterly waves.

13. Stages of Development (cont.)
Each year, only a few tropical disturbances develop into full-fledged hurricanes that require minimum wind speeds of 119 kilometers per hour (______ mph).
When a cyclone's strongest winds do not exceed 61 kilometers per hour, it is called a ________________.
When winds are between 61 and 119 kilometers per hour, the cyclone is termed a __________________.

14. Hurricane Diminishment
Hurricanes diminish in intensity whenever they:
(1) move over ocean waters that cannot supply __________, ________ _____,
(2) move _________ __________, or
(3) reach a location where there is massive high level _______ __________.

15. The _______________ Scale
Although damage caused by a hurricane depends on several factors, including the size and population density of the area affected and the near-shore bottom configuration, the most significant factor is the strength of the storm itself.

16. The Saffir Simpson Scale
The Saffir-Simpson scale ranks the relative intensities of hurricanes.
The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a 1-5 rating based on the hurricane's present intensity.
This is used to give an estimate of the potential property damage and flooding expected along the coast from a hurricane landfall.
Wind speed is the determining factor in the scale, as storm surge values are highly dependent on the slope of the continental shelf in the landfall region.
Note that all winds are using the U.S. 1-minute average.

17. Category One Hurricane:
Winds ________ mph (64-82 kt or km/hr). Storm surge generally 4-5 ft above normal. No real damage to building structures. Damage primarily to unanchored mobile homes, shrubbery, and trees. Some damage to poorly constructed signs. Also, some coastal road flooding and minor pier damage.
Category Two Hurricane:
Winds ________ mph (83-95 kt or km/hr). Storm surge generally 6-8 feet above normal. Some roofing material, door, and window damage of buildings. Considerable damage to shrubbery and trees with some trees blown down. Considerable damage to mobile homes, poorly constructed signs, and piers. Coastal and low-lying escape routes flood 2-4 hours before arrival of the hurricane center. Small craft in unprotected anchorages break moorings.

18. Category Three Hurricane:
Winds _________ mph ( kt or km/hr). Storm surge generally 9-12 ft above normal. Some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings with a minor amount of curtain wall failures. Damage to shrubbery and trees with foliage blown off trees and large trees blown down. Mobile homes and poorly constructed signs are destroyed. Low-lying escape routes are cut by rising water 3-5 hours before arrival of the center of the hurricane. Flooding near the coast destroys smaller structures with larger structures damaged by battering from floating debris. Terrain continuously lower than 5 ft above mean sea level may be flooded inland 8 miles (13 km) or more. Evacuation of low-lying residences with several blocks of the shoreline may be required.
Category Four Hurricane:
Winds _________ mph ( kt or km/hr). Storm surge generally ft above normal. More extensive curtain wall failures with some complete roof structure failures on small residences. Shrubs, trees, and all signs are blown down. Complete destruction of mobile homes. Extensive damage to doors and windows. Low-lying escape routes may be cut by rising water 3-5 hours before arrival of the center of the hurricane. Major damage to lower floors of structures near the shore. Terrain lower than 10 ft above sea level may be flooded requiring massive evacuation of residential areas as far inland as 6 miles (10 km).

19. Katrina was a level 5 but weakened to a 4 just before landfall and
Category Five Hurricane:
Winds greater than __________(135 kt or 249 km/hr). Storm surge generally greater than 18 ft above normal. Complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings. Some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away. All shrubs, trees, and signs blown down. Complete destruction of mobile homes. Severe and extensive window and door damage. Low-lying escape routes are cut by rising water 3-5 hours before arrival of the center of the hurricane. Major damage to lower floors of all structures located less than 15 ft above sea level and within 500 yards of the shoreline. Massive evacuation of residential areas on low ground within 5-10 miles (8-16 km) of the shoreline may be required. Hurricane Mitch of 1998 was a Category Five hurricane at peak intensity over the western Caribbean. Hurricane Gilbert of 1988 was a Category Five hurricane at peak intensity and is one of the strongest Atlantic tropical cyclones of record.
Surprisingly…
Katrina was a level 5 but weakened to a 4 just before landfall and
Sandy was actually a post-hurricane ________!

20. Damage Classes
Damage caused by hurricanes can be divided into three classes:
(1) _______ _______, which is most intense on the right side of the eye where winds are blowing toward the shore, occurs when a dome of water 65 to 80 kilometers (40 to 50 miles) wide sweeps across the coast near the point where the eye makes landfall,
(2) _______ _________, and
(3) ___________ ______________ ___________, which is caused by torrential rains that accompany most hurricanes.

21. Storm Surge

22. Before a hurricane…
After a hurricane.

23. Warning Systems
North Atlantic hurricanes develop in the trade winds, which generally move these storms from _____ to ______at about 25 kilometers (15 miles) per hour.
Today, because of early warning systems that help detect and track hurricanes, the number of deaths associated with these violent storms have been greatly reduced.
Because the tropical and subtropical regions that spawn hurricanes consist of enormous areas of open oceans, meteorological data from these vast regions are provided primarily by satellites.

24. Information and Watches
Other important sources of hurricane information are:
aircraft reconnaissance,
radar, and
remote, floating instruments called data buoys.
Using data from the observational tools, meteorologists can issue an announcement, called a hurricane _________, aimed at specific coastal areas threatened by a hurricane, generally within ___ hours.

25. Hurricane Warnings
By contrast, a hurricane ___________ is issued when sustained winds of 119 kilometers per hour (74 mph) or higher are expected within a specified coastal area in ____ hours or less.
Two important factors in the watch-and warning decision process are:
(1) adequate lead time and
(2) attempting to keep overwarning at a minimum.

26. Katrina = 1833
Sandy = 285

27. Key Terminology Typhoon Cyclone Eye Wall Eye
Tropical Disturbance Easterly Wave
Tropical Depression Tropical Storm
Saffir-Simpson Scale Storm Surge
Inland freshwater flooding Hurricane Watch
Hurricane Warning