1. Earth’s Internal StructurePg

3. The Crust Earth’s solid surface
Crust is the closest layer to us (humans’)
It separates us from the many hot layers below
The closer you are to the Earth’s centre the hotter it gets
Geologists can dig into the Earth’s crust to find fossils but it presently impossible for them to excavate any further that ~10 Km

5. Mantle Upper Mantle Lower Mantle Semi-fluid layer
Composed partially of melted rock
Believed that this layer causes continental drift (plate tectonics)
Lower Mantle
Layer is solid, despite its high temperature, because the pressure is so high
Composed mainly of silica, oxygen, iron and magnesium

7. Core Outer Core Inner Core Outer part of the core is liquid
Layer is responsible for the Earth’s magnetic field
Inner Core
Despite high temperatures, the inner part of the core is solid because of ENORMOUS pressure prevailing on it

9. Comparing the Earth’s structures to an EGG
The shell is like the Earth’s crust
The white is the mantle
The yolk is the core
Pg. 291

10. How the Earth was formed
In the beginning the Earth was liquid
It was large ball of melted matter
The heaviest elements that were present (iron and nickel) were drawn to the centre – forming the core
The lighter elements were massed in the Earth’s surface (silicon, oxygen, aluminum) – forming the mantle and the crust
The ave. temperature of the Earth dropped and cause the crust to solidify

11. Homework
Pg. 291
#s 1-3
Due next class
On loose-leaf
FOR MARKS!!

12. Earth’s Relief
Pg. 310

13. Earth’s Relief 1.
Even though it feels like you are standing still, the Earth is in constant motion
Extreme differences in temperature, powerful forces cause great pressure on the Earth’s crust
The Earth’s crust folds, rises up and fractures
This gives the Earth’s lithosphere its Relief
Mountains, valleys, plains and more…
It is constantly changing b/c of underground forces

15. 3. More than just temperature…
Winds, water and glaciers combine to alter the landscape, not just the temperature
Erosion affects rocks and the Earth’s relief
Rounds the summit of mountains
Digs valleys
Fills up depressions
Humans also alters the relief – roads, mines, cities, buildings…

16. Geophysical and Geological phenomena
Earthquakes
Volcanoes
Notes on student handout
file://localhost/Volumes/Heritage/Heritage/Heritage/Sci 2/lectures/geological phenomena.ppt

17. Relief’s effect on human activities

18. Rocks and Minerals
Lithosphere: rigid structure that comprises the Earth’s crust and part of the upper mantle
Essential to life. How ?
Enables plants to send down roots
Provided with minerals needed to grow and develop
Offers homes to animals
Holds natural resources for humans (oil & natural gas)

19. Rocks and Minerals Rocks and minerals come from the lithosphere
Rock: a heterogeneous blend of various sized grains of different kinds
Mineral: a pure, natural and inorganic (non-living) substance
There are minerals inside of rocks

20. Formation of rocks 3 types of rocks
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Igneous: results from cooling and solidification of magma
Sedimentary: sections of rock that are compressed and compacted (under pressure) and cemented

21. Minerals
See page 302
Can you name some minerals from their characteristics?
Create a table listing the mineral name and 2 characteristcis (colour, appearance, shape…)

22. Rocks Metamorphic: rock that undergoes transformation
Caused by heat and pressure
Read Pages
See and copy table on Page 307. Highlight rock names (put into own words)

23. Metamorphic: Transforms
Think Transformers!

24. Types of Soil
Soil: surface layer of matter that enables plants to grow
Without soil, plants would not be able to grow (as well as water and light)